Clustered robust meta-regression analysis is applied to 109 willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for threatened species from 47 stated-preference studies in 19 countries. Our study updates previous meta-analyses on the topic and tests the effect of important variables not previously considered-species' threat status, use of coloured photographs of species in a survey, and a country's development status, on WTP. We also compared model results obtained from weighting observations by the inverse standard error of WTP and inverse sample size values. Inverse-standard error-weighted model results were more aligned with published research and economic theory and had a better fit than inversesample size-weighted model results. Average total present value of WTP was $414/household 1 , but variation in reported values was large owing to the survey context. WTP was significantly higher for charismatic and threatened species. Using coloured photographs, or a country's development status did not significantly affect WTP. Average absolute within-sample-and out-of-sample transfer errors were estimated to be 17% and 48%, respectively. One-fourth out-of-sample transfers had an error of 10% or less. We discuss limitations and issues in current literature and propose recommendations that will allow future studies to be used in meta-analyses and benefit transfer.
Fisheries are key to the livelihoods of up to a million poor people in Sri Lanka. Open-access fisheries exhibit free entry with the result that fishing leads to overharvesting and profits fall to zero. This chapter examines issues in fishery management in the Negombo lagoon on the west coast of Sri Lanka. It focuses on the determinants of successful collective action by the Stake Net Fishery Association, a common property regime which is more than 250 years old and has managed to control the problem of open access. Solving this open-access problem has helped increase the incomes of fishers and sustained the resource base.
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