The study was aimed to find out the factors affecting by tribal women and association of different factors with livelihood security of the tribal women in crop based livelihood activities conducted in three districts of Rajasthan namely Dungarpur, Udaipur and Banswara 180 respondents data were collected through a well- structured interview schedule. Majority of the respondents had occasional access to extension agency, mass media sources, technological information as well print media. More than half of the respondents never had access to regular income, less than half of the respondents sometimes only produced new products, used improved methods and practices and took loan for carrying out livelihood. The livelihood security of the respondents was associated with access to resources, access to technological information, market and regular income, risk factors, risk taking ability and decision making ability. It can be inferred that all these factors affected to livelihood security of the tribal families with crop based livelihood.

Tribal women constitute half of the work force among tribals in India. They play substantial and crucial role in their social, cultural, economic and religious ways of life and considered as an economic asset in their society.The tribal women work for about 8 to 10 hours per day in agriculture and allied activities. They collect the forest produce viz., anola, custard apple, aritha, date palm, jatropha, plant leaves, firewood, bamboo, gum, wax, honey, fodder, fruits, vegetables and sell these products in the local market and nearby villages and exchange the produce for their daily requirements through barter system. Besides engaging themselves in a variety of activities both on the farm and at home, the tribal women also contribute to the family income through their wage earnings. The present research is an attempt to see the information regarding role of tribal women in wage based livelihood activities in Rajasthan.The study was conducted in three districts of Rajasthan state namely Udaipur, Dungarpur and Banswara. The research findings revealed that Majority of the respondents jointly did selection of working hours (68.18%), distribution of responsibilities such as looking after the household work in their absence (59.09%) and selection of working place (59.09%). More than half of the respondents were jointly engaged in selection of working months and utilization of income (56.36%) and work selection (54.54%) with overall pooled mean per cent score 74.74.

Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common condition in the elderly population. It is characterized by confusion, disorientation, memory complaints, as well as restricted attention, learning, and language abilities. Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the effect of internal and external cognitive training in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods Twenty-six patients with mild cognitive impairment participated in this study. An equal number of participants (n=13) were allocated into two groups, i.e., the internal cognitive training group (group A) and external cognitive training (group B). Cognitive training session was administered 40 min per day, at a frequency of 2 sessions per week, for a period of 4 weeks for both groups, and aerobic exercise was also performed for 15 min per day, for a period of 4 weeks. Outcome measures were undertaken at baseline and at the end of the 4th week. Results The result shows a significant improvement on MoCA components in the internal cognitive training group than the external cognitive training group (P<0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that the internal cognitive training (ICT) shows significant improvement on mild cognitive impairment in elderly as compared to external cognitive training (ECT).

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