The fact that ozone is a very powerful oxidizing agent (E0 = +2.07 V) was harnessed to degrade endosulfan and lindane in the present study. An ozone dosage of 57 mg min(-1) was found to be optimal for the degradation of both endosulfan (89%) and lindane (43%). The pH of the reaction mixtures play a profound role on the extent of degradation and it was observed that alkaline conditions favours the generation of hydroxyl radicals and thus a pH of 10 was chosen as the optimum for endosulfan degradation as the degradation efficiency was found to be 93%. A pH value of 12 was chosen as the optimum for lindane degradation as the degradation efficiency was observed to be 82%. Kinetics of degradation was performed and the set of data was fitted into first-order kinetics of the reaction for both endosulfan and lindane. The observed rate constants (k(obs')) for 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm initial endosulfan concentrations were 0.0274, 0.0273 and 0.0161 min(-1), respectively. While for initial lindane concentrations of 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm, the observed rate constants were 0.0243, 0.0333 and 0.056 min(-1), respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that endosulfan was degraded into methyl cyclohexane and o-xylene which disappeared as reaction proceeded and lindane was degraded to 1-hexene indicating the ring fission mechanism.
Advanced oxidation of endosulfan and lindane was investigated using Fenton's reagent (FeSO 4 /H 2 O 2 ) in aqueous phase. A pH of 3 was chosen as optimum with the degradation efficiency of 83 % for endosulfan and 92 % for lindane. FeSO 4 dose of 50 and 20 mg ml -1 was found to be optimum for endosulfan and lindane, respectively, with the degradation efficiency of *83 % at pH 3. Further addition of FeSO 4 remained unutilized and contributed to the dissolved solid content. FeSO 4 :H 2 O 2 (w/w) ratio of 1:4.7 and 1:7 was optimized for endosulfan and lindane, respectively. First-order reaction kinetics (5, 7.5 and 10 ppm) were observed for both endosulfan and lindane degradations. Calculated rate constant values (k obs ') for initial endosulfan concentration of 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm were 0.021, 0.133, 0.046 min -1 , respectively. While rate constant values (k obs ') of 0.057, 0.035 and 0.034 min -1 were observed for kinetics performed with 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm initial lindane concentrations, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that degradation process for endosulfan was sequential with the formation of methyl cyclohexane followed by 1-hexene. While lindane degradation process was spontaneous with the formation of 1-hexene formed by benzene ring fission.
Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) is a rare form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) which manifests as quotidian fevers and arthritis in one or more joints. Features include characteristic salmon pink-colored rash associated with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and serositis. To the best of our knowledge, this is a rare form of JIA in India and very few cases without multiorgan involvement have been published in literature. The following case reports a 12-year-old male child who presented to the hospital with a history of spiking fevers and arthritis in the knees, ankle, and hip joints. Diagnosis of SoJIA was confirmed after subsequent laboratory investigations; treatment included long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and methotrexate. However, due to increased cost of medicines and no guaranteed “cure” for the disease, the present patient switched from allopathic to homeopathic medicines. He still experiences frequent flare-ups associated with the disease, during which aceclofenac is taken for symptom relief. This case also highlights the importance of a “cure” for diseases rather than “symptom-oriented” treatment measures. When a cure is not guaranteed, patients may transition to inexpensive alternate therapies portraying limited efficacy. Further research in the field of rheumatology, specifically for rare diseases, is warranted.
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