Background:The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations' mental health has started to emerge. Objectives: To describe the mental health trends of the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) between May and August 2020. It also compares the results with pre-COVID-19 results and identifies risk factors associated with increased likelihood of being at risk of MDD and GAD. Method: This study utilizes repeated cross-sectional design, at national-level coverage of mental health screenings via computer-assisted phone interviews conducted in four waves monthly (between May and August 2020). Arabic-speaking adults from Saudi Arabia were recruited via a random phone list. The questionnaire includes the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Pre-COVID-19 comparison was done using the PHQ-2 score to allow for comparison with a previous and similar national study conducted in 2018. Results: Across the four waves, 16,513 participants completed the interviews, with an overall response rate of 81.3%. The weighted national prevalence of people at risk of MDD was 14.9% overall, and 13.8%, 13.6%, 16.8%, and 15.3% in Waves 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The weighted national prevalence of people at risk of GAD was 11.4%, overall, and 10.9%, 10.7%, 12.4%, and 11.7% in Waves 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The weighted national proportion of individuals who were at risk of MDD and GAD at the same time was 7.4% overall. The risk of MDD on PHQ-2 increased by 71.2%, from 12.5% in 2018 to 21.4% in 2020. Conclusions: The risks of MDD and GAD in this study are relatively high. These results can help decision makers to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the population's mental health and the most-impacted subgroups.
Sistema de Vigilancia de Salud Mental de Arabia Saudita (MHSS): Tendencias de salud mental durante la pandemia COVID-19 y comparación con las tendencias pre COVID-19Antecedentes: El impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental de la población ha comenzado a emerger. Objetivos: Describir las tendencias en salud mental del riesgo de tener un trastorno depresivo mayor (MDD por sus siglas en inglés) y un trastorno de ansiedad generalizado (GAD por sus siglas en inglés) entre Mayo y Agosto de 2020. También compara los resultados con los resultados pre COVID-19 e identifica factores de riesgo asociados con el aumento de la probabilidad de estar en riesgo de sufrir MDD y GAD Método: Este estudio utiliza un diseño transversal repetido, a un nivel de cobertura nacional de tamizaje sobre salud mental vía entrevistas telefónicas asistidas por computador, conducidas en 4 olas mensualmente (entre Mayo y agosto de 2020). Adultos que hablasen árabe de Arabia Saudita fueron reclutados mediante una lista aleatoria de teléfonos. El cuestionario incluía la versión árabe del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ-9) y de La Escala del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (GAD-7). Se hicieron comparaciones pre-COVID 19 usando ...
To determine, via narrative, non-systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies, whether the effect of cannabis on hepatic biotransformation pathways would be predicted to result in clinically significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with commonly prescribed psychotropic agents. Areas covered: A non-systematic literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus from inception to January 2017. The search term cannabis was cross-referenced with the terms drug interactions, cytochrome, cannabinoids, cannabidiol, and medical marijuana. Pharmacological, molecular, and physiologic studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), both in vitro and in vivo, were included. Bibliographies were also manually searched for additional citations that were relevant to the overarching aim of this paper. Expert opinion: Δ-Tetrahydrocannabinol and CBD are substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymatic pathways relevant to the biotransformation of commonly prescribed psychotropic agents. The high frequency and increasing use of cannabis invites the need for healthcare providers to familiarize themselves with potential DDIs in persons receiving select psychotropic agents, and additionally consuming medical marijuana and/or recreational marijuana.
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