In this work a simple new type of flow sensors was developed, the double coil flow sensor. In this sensor two coils are magnetically coupled due to the flow of pure water inside them. The first coil, the primary coil, was supplied by AC voltage in the frequency range 0.5-1 MHz which is the coupling range of frequency for water. The voltage in the second coil, was found to be directly proportional with the volumetric flow rate of the water flowing inside the coils. The two coils can only be coupled in the laminar flow region. In the turbulent region, due to the turbulent chaos and fluctuation the two coils cannot be effectively coupled, and therefore the sensor cannot be used. The temperature of the water was found to have a negligible effect on the coupling, which add a good advantage to the simplicity of the double coil sensor. The working fluid used in this work was pure water. Other fluids are believed to be working as well, most probably at different frequency range, and this will be the subject of future work.
The present study aims at producing diesel out of algae. The production of biodiesel was performed at Tafila Technical University laboratories. The algae were brought from Almansora stream at Tafila governorate-Jordan and afterwards dried in an oven at 80 ºC for 12 hours. The dried algae were ground using disc mill until powder was obtained. The powdered algae underwent a distillation process with the addition of iron sulphate hydrate to the algae using a distillation column in order to extract the oil. Methanol was added to the oil, which was obtained from the distillation and using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, the product was then separated in a funnel for about 10 hours until two layers of the solution were obtained; the organic layer represents the biodiesel. The biodiesel attributes are similar to the diesel oil, except that it reduces the emission of carbon dioxide CO 2 and there is no emission of sulphur dioxide SO 2 .
Rapid depressurizations are among the most critical flow conditions relevant to hydrocarbon gas transport systems. High pressure jumps can be present along the piping, and thermodynamic characteristics should be defined carefully in order to properly predict critical phenomena as shock wave propagation or low temperatures achieved by the fluid and the pipe wall in order to avoid hazardous problems. Usually a onedimensional finite volumes technique called Roe's method, which assumed ideal gas, is used to study such kind of flows. Often a liquid phase is formed as a result of gas expansion, and the assumption of ideal gas becomes no longer valid. In this work a model using equation of state suitable for hydrocarbon gas mixture (SRK and PR are preferred) which cover all possible phase ranges of the fluid, including the two-phase region in which both liquid and vapor states coexist, was developed.The flow scheme refers to a homogeneous equilibrium model where the fluid properties are averaged with respect to phase mass or volume fractions. The assumption of homogeneity is justified by the high velocity of flow in blowdown pipes, where liquid droplets might be dispersed in the gas core. Thermodynamic equilibrium conditions occur when the high velocity system is fed by a stream having a high void fraction. In fact the transport systems here considered usually contain gas only or gas with a small amount of liquid ("gas-condensate" fluids). Calculation results are reported, showing comparison with referenced data or results obtained using other computer codes, and calculations regarding other flow conditions as well.
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