To compare the effects of nebulised 3% hypertonic saline, 0.9% saline and salbutamol in patients of acute bronchiolitis. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: tertiary care teaching hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 Children with age 1 to 24 months admitted in hospital with clinical diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis for 2 consecutive years were included in the study. Participants were divided into 3 groups-3% hypertonic saline (HS), 0.9% normal saline and salbutalmol. 4 doses of nebulisation at an interval of 6 hours were given daily in each group till discharge. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in the study population was 5.7 ± 3.4 months. Maximum number of the patients i.e. 65.7% belonged to the age group of 0-6 months. There was male preponderance in all 3 groups. Baseline Clinical Severity (CS) scores in 3%HS, 0.9% Normal Saline and Salbutamol groups were 5.9±1.5, 5.5±1.0 and 5.1±2.3 respectively (p=0.146). After treatment, the CS scores dropped to 1.0±1.1, 3.3±0.5 and 1.9±1.1 in 3%HS, 0.9% Normal Saline and Salbutamol groups respectively on the 3 rd day of treatment (p<0.01). Length of hospital stay in 3% HS, 0.9% Normal Saline and Salbutamol groups was 3.4±1.7, 4.9±1.4 and 3.7±1.9 days respectively, which was found to be statistically significant (p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: 3% Hypertonic Saline nebulization (without additional bronchodilators) is an effective and safe treatment in patients of acute bronchiolitis. It significantly reduces the CS scores and length of hospital stay as compared to 0.9% Normal Saline and Salbutamol nebulizations.
HighlightsStation aridity can cause overestimation of ETref at weather monitoring networks in irrigated areas.Station aridity was demonstrated in a mesoscale weather monitoring network.Station aridity is amplified in water-scarce irrigated areas during droughts.Station aridity should be accounted for to achieve water conservation through weather-informed irrigation.Abstract. Many weather monitoring networks such as the Oklahoma Mesonet provide estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETref) to facilitate weather-informed irrigation decisions. However, weather stations that collect the required input data to estimate ETref using the widely applied ASCE standardized ETref equation are not typically installed over a reference surface, defined as a large expanse of dense, well-watered, stress-free grass or alfalfa having a specified height, surface resistance, and albedo. The deviation of actual surface conditions in the surrounding environment of the weather stations from the reference condition creates station aridity effects that can lead to overestimation of ETref. Daily hydroclimate datasets for a period of 20 years (2000-2019) were used to evaluate the prevalence and spatiotemporal characteristics of station aridity across the Oklahoma Mesonet. Station aridity was characterized based on mean dew point deviation (MDD = Tmin - Tdew), maximum relative humidity (RHmax), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Results demonstrate that station aridity is prevalent and highly variable in both space and time across the Oklahoma Mesonet, as it increases from southeast to northwest in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Larger average seasonal MDD (up to 13°C), lower RHmax (e.g., 57%), and lower NDVI (e.g., 0.22) were observed during extreme to exceptional drought of 2011 in western Oklahoma, where a majority of the state’s irrigated agriculture (88%) is located. Spatiotemporal patterns of station aridity demonstrate the profound effect of wet and dry periods that influence the utility of ETref estimates to improve agricultural water conservation during high irrigation requirement times in water-scarce irrigated areas. Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Irrigation requirement, Reference condition, Station aridity, Weather station.
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<p>This Supplementary Material file includes three figures related to the journal article entitled "<strong>Station Aridity in Weather Monitoring Networks: Evidence from the Oklahoma Mesonet."</strong></p>
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<p>This Supplementary Material file includes three figures related to the journal article entitled "<strong>Station Aridity in Weather Monitoring Networks: Evidence from the Oklahoma Mesonet."</strong></p>
therapeutic regimen, though Rituximab has shown possible benefit. Male sex and GFR <45 are poor prognostic markers. There have been sporadic cases of spontaneous improvement in fibrillary GN, but those cases typically had better prognostic signs from the outset (no AKI or crescents in the biopsy). This case describes a rare report of crescentic fibrillary GN with spontaneous improvement in renal function. Further research into the association of infections and fibrillary GN is called for.No conflict of interest
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