Over forty years before Harrison's expedition in 1968 to re-examine the remains of Tutankhamun, a British archaeologist, Howard Carter, made one of the world's most famous archaeological discoveries. He discovered the almost intact tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes in 1922. The mummy of Tutankhamun was first examined by Carter and Derry in 1925. The treasure of Tutankhamun was taken to the Cairo Museum after the discovery, but the mummy remained in the outermost gilded coffin within the red granite sarcophagus until December 1968 when the BBC sponsored a scientific mission led by Harrison to reopen the coffin for the second time to re-examine the mummy. The investigation team of the 1968 expedition wanted to disclose the features that could be clarified by the application of more modern scientific methods of enquiry, which could not be discovered in any other way.The conclusions of the expedition are well known from the anthropological, anatomical and Egyptological points of view, but current scholarship lacks a study of the historiography of the expedition. This study, mainly, depends on the important primary sources represented in the personal papers of Harrison archived in Sydney Jones Library in the University of Liverpool, with presentation of the relevant Egyptological and medical literature.
The Egyptian MuseumThe Metropolitan Museum of Art The Egyptian Museum renovation project Restoration of Tutankhamun's objects The artifacts display sequence Due to the deteriorating state of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Egyptian and American governments agreed in 1975 that the proceeds of Tutankhamun Exhibition in the USA 1976-1979 would be assigned for the renovation of this museum or any other cultural projects in Egypt. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, as the main organizer of the exhibition, accomplished an assessment process of the situational condition of the Egyptian Museum which showed that it needed a general cleaning, repainting, rearrangement of the display sequence of Tutankhamun's objects and the restoration of several Tutankhamun's items before their removal to be displayed in the USA. This research illustrates the importance of this project, the role of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the renovation process. This paper utilizes primary source documents in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives in New York as raw evidence to analyze and interpret this museological exercise in 1970s.
The early beginning of the Twentieth Century witnessed many major foreign archaeological expeditions in Egypt. All bodies engaged in excavation work in Egypt had worked under the "Antiquities Law of 1912" since the date of its enactment in 1912. Accordingly, the excavator had the right to get half of the discovered objects. In 1922, the Egyptian Antiquities Service announced their intention to amend this Law so that the Cairo Museum had the right to take what it wanted without any formalities. This paper illustrates the causes of the Egyptian Antiquities Law amendment, the opposition to the Law amendment proposal by persons and institutions engaged in archaeological work in Egypt, the justifications of the Egyptian authorities for such a change in policy regarding the division of discovered objects, and the attempts of foreign institutions and governments to obtain the Egyptian official approval for the assurances given by the Director General of the Egyptian Antiquities Service Pierre Lacau to the scientific institutions working in Egypt. Whilst the new proposed law was not ratified, excavators' presumed entitlement to 50% of finds ended. The article relies mainly on investigating the relevant historical documents in the National Archives of the United Kingdom.
King Fuad paid his first state visit to Britain in 1927. Through this visit, British and Egyptian officials had high hopes to restore the friendliness between Egypt and Britain. It might lead to a general settlement of the reserved points since 1922 which prevented full harmony between Egypt and Britain after the unilateral Declaration of 28 February 1922. The visit had not only a political purpose, but also it had other intentions; the King visited a selection of Manchester educational and industrial centres, most of these industrial entities had interests in the Egyptian cotton industry. Manchester was one of the centres of the commerce and of the manufacture of a product representing one of the important resources of Egypt, the Egyptian cotton. The study could contribute a more detailed understanding of the efforts that had been done by the British and the Egyptian Governments to conclude a treaty of friendship, and it could add an additional detail of the Egyptian foreign policy and its involvement in the economic and educational matters during the reign of King Fuad. The primary concern of this research is to investigate in detail the purpose of the royal visit to Britain in general and to Manchester in particular, to expose the visit program, the places which were visited by the King in Manchester, why these places were specifically selected for the royal visit, and what was the role of the Egyptian students in the University of Manchester during that visit. This paper seeks to unearth data and stories specific to the visit mainly from the primary sources represented in the documents of Records of Victoria University of Manchester. These accounts are valuable as contemporary records of the event. It appears that these documents have not been previously consulted to tell the story of the Royal visit to Manchester.
The British force led by Garnet Wolseley defeated the Egyptian Army under the leadership of Ahmed Urabi at Tel-el-Kebir on 13 September 1882. Urabi surrendered and was imprisoned waiting for his trial. He was tried in November 1882 in front of an Egyptian court 'but it was a judicial artifice manipulated by London'. He was accused of being guilty of rebellion and refusal to disband his army at the command of the Khedive Tawfik and was sentenced to death; that sentence was commuted by the Khedive to perpetual exile from Egypt. The focus of this work is to expose in detail the measures which were arranged by the Egyptian and the British governments when the trial of Urabi and his associates was finished and before their exile to Ceylon, beginning with the selection of the residence of exile and ending with the procedures of their transfer to Ceylon. The arrangements included what allowance should be given them for their maintenance, whether they should be allowed to select their own residence in the exile or reside in one provided by the local authorities of Ceylon, whether their correspondence would pass through the hands of the governor or not, what amount of surveillance should be exercised over them by the police of Ceylon. This paper seeks to unearth data and stories specific to these arrangements mainly from the primary sources represented in the documents of the British Colonial Office, the correspondence of Lord Dufferin, the letters of the Governor of Ceylon and other related documents which are archived in the National Archives of the United Kingdom in London, in addition to the reports and the news which covered the trial and the exile of Urabi and his companions in different newspapers. It appears that these documents have not been previously consulted to tell the story of Urabi and his associates covering the period between the end of their trial and their arrival to Ceylon on
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