No abstract

A primary concern of developing countries throughout the world is that of obtaining safe drinking water. Waterborne diseases are still common in developing countries since drinking water sources are contaminated and the conventional rural water treatment plants are often inefficient to produce safe drinking water. This situation in developing countries is a major problem in terms of preventing public health. It is estimated that diarrhea accounted for 99% of the 69 million deaths among children before the age of five. Inadequate operation and maintenance after installations caused by a lack of trained operators, by a treacherous supply of chemicals and spare parts, and by financial problems lead to produce unhealthy drinking water. Since major urban water supplies are also not always capable of maintaining a regular supply of qualitatively good water, the distributed water is often considered unsafe for direct consumption. Treatment of water at the household level (etc. boiling) or purchasing of mineral water for consumption is more real than an exception in urban areas of developing countries. Recently, another small-scale approach using the lethal effect of sunlight has gained importance to sanitary contaminated water. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is one of the simplest methods for providing acceptable quality drinking water and consists of filling transparent containers (plastic bags, plastic bottles or glass bottles) with water and exposing the containers to sunlight for approximately 6 hours. Because of the low cost and easy usage, solar disinfection is commonly used in developing countries in Asia, Africa and South America. The aim of this literature review is to give information about solar disinfection mechanism, to compare the efficiency of solar disinfection on different microorganisms based on the past studies, and to discuss the several applications of solar disinfection in the world.

The efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process for the disinfection of total coliforms and the prevention of bacterial regrowth in humic surface waters were investigated. Inactivation of total coliforms was determined in water samples containing various concentrations ranging from 0-10 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of fulvic acid, which were exposed to various doses (68-681 mWs/cm2) of UV radiation in the presence of 0.125 mg/L and 3.000 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide. Disinfection efficiencies of the UV radiation and the UV/H2O2 processes were compared. The results of bacterial inactivation experiments showed that the performances of the UV and the UV/H2O2 (0.125) were comparable whereas the UV/H2O2 (3.000) process showed significant improvement in performance, especially, in highly humic waters. Inactivation coefficient appeared to be almost doubled by the addition of 3.000 mg/L hydrogen peroxide during the treatment of highly humic waters. In contradiction to significant regrowth which occurred in the single UV radiation treatment, residual bacteria following the UV/H2O2 (0.125) and the UV/H2O2 (3.000) treatments were completely inactivated during dark incubation indicating the elimination of possible bacterial regrowth.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate responses of potential indicator bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis) to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the UV/hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) disinfection processes of surface waters with different qualities in terms of humic content. The UV and the UV/H 2 O 2 processes were applied to waters containing various concentrations

ÖZBu çalışmada, Balıkesir ili sınırları içerisinde bulunan et ve süt üretimi amaçlı yetiştirilen büyükbaş ve küçükbaş hayvanlardan kaynaklanan atıklardan elde edilebilecek biyogaz üretim miktarı ve enerji potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, hayvansal atıkların çevre ve insan sağlığı etkileri üzerinde durulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, hayvan sayılarının belirlenmesinde 2017 yılı TÜİK verileri ve Balıkesir İl Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğü 2017 yılı istatistik verilerinden faydalanılmıştır. Büyük ve küçükbaş hayvan başına kabul edilen atık miktarlarına göre farklı hesaplama yaklaşımları kullanılarak, Balıkesir ilinde yıllık olarak oluşması beklenen 5.955.318 ton hayvansal atığının 82.815.600 m 3 biyogaz ve 1.879.914.120 MJ'luk enerji potansiyeline sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.Belirlenen bu potansiyelin uygulanacak projeler için temel bir bilgi oluşturacağı ancak atık toplama, taşıma, teknoloji seçimi, finans yönetimi vb. gibi faktörler dikkate alınarak her proje için ayrı fizibilite yapılması gerekliliğine dikkat çekilmiştir. ABSTRACTIn this study, it is aimed to determine the amount of biogas production and energy potential that can be obtained from wastes from cattle and sheep fed for meat and milk production in Balıkesir province.The data of 2017 TURKSTAT and the statistics of 2017 year of Balıkesir Provincial Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock were used to determine the number of animals. Using different calculation methods according to the accepted waste amounts per large and small ruminants, 5.955.318 tons of animal waste expected to occur annually in Balıkesir province has been determined to have 82.815.600 m 3 biogas and 1.879.914.120 MJ energy potential.It was emphasized that estimated potential will provide a basic knowledge for the biogas projects to be implemented. However, a separate feasibility study should be carried out for each project in terms of waste collection, transportation, technology selection and financial management, etc.

The efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and the regrowth potential of total coliforms were investigated in humic waters. Experiments were conducted according to an experimental design in which a UV radiation dose range of 68–681 mW s/cm2 was applied to waters containing various concentrations (0–10 mg/L) of fulvic acid. Experimental results strongly suggested that the harmful effect of UV radiation on bacteria was diminished in humic waters due to absorption of UV light. Increasing concentrations of fulvic acid appeared to enhance its influence with elevated doses of UV radiation. Measured inactivation responses were on the order of 1–6 log10 units for the UV dose range used. Comparison of k (inactivation coefficient) values for nonhumic water to highly humic water indicated that k decreased proportionally as the fulvic acid concentration of water was increased. The results of dark‐incubation tests indicated significant regrowth of bacteria in fulvic acid‐containing waters.

The accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, B, As) was measured in water, plankton and sediment samples taken from different areas of Lake Uluabat during January 2003 to February 2004. The sequential extraction used in this study is useful to assess the potential mobility of heavy metals in the sediment indirectly. In this study, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn concentrations were detected at higher levels at Lake Uluabat for selected stations, especially in plankton samples. The magnitude of heavy metal concentrations in water and plankton samples was determined as B>Zn>As>Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr and Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Cd>Pb, respectively. The mobile heavy metals in sediment samples were sequenced as Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Zn, whereas the magnitude of easily mobilizable metal concentration was determined as Pb>Ni>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn. Concentration of Cu and Cr in mobile fraction is detected higher than in easily mobilizable fraction. Concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn and Ni in mobile fraction is detected in lower levels than in easily mobilizable fraction.

Canlı yaşamının önemli unsurlarından olan suyun, temin edilmesi ve kullanılabilir duruma getirilebilmesi hem büyük emek hem de maliyet gerektirmektedir. Suyun planlı ve akılcı bir şekilde temini tarımdan beklenen faydanın sürekli ve yüksek düzeyde olmasını sağlamaktadır. Tarım ülkelerinde yeterli ve kaliteli ürün elde edilmesi için yeterli miktarda tarımsal amaçlı sulama suyuna ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Türkiye'de yağış ve sıcaklık gibi iklim parametrelerinde meydana gelen değişiklikler hem bitkisel verim ve üretimi hem de su kaynaklarını olumsuz etkilemekte ve bu durum alternatif sulama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesini gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de bazı iklim parametrelerinin (yağış ve sıcaklık) artış ve azalışının su kaynakları, bitkisel verimlilik ve tarımsal su kullanımı ile etkileşimini belirlemek amaçlı tarımsal su kullanım politikaları araştırılmış, gerekli değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve bazı çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, Türkiye'de küresel ısınmanın etkisiyle 2018 yılında yıllık toplam yağış ile yıllık ortalama sıcaklıkların 2001-2018 yılları ortalamasının üzerinde olduğu bulunmuştur.