Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) and Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) causes spot form and net form of net blotch diseases of barley, respectively. Although both forms of P. teres are morphologically similar, their symptoms and genetic background differ. In this study, 175 single spore (109 Ptm and 66 Ptt) isolates obtained from different regions of Turkey were evaluated for their mating type distribution and prevalence. Fungal isolates of both forms were verified using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. For mating type determination studies, duplex PCR was performed using MAT-specific single nucleotide polymorphism primers. Sixty and 49 of 109 Ptm isolates were found as MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 types, respectively and 43 and 23 of 66 Ptt isolates were found as MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 types, respectively. These results show the possibility of sexual reproduction among the Ptm isolates in Turkey and Ptt population of Central Anatolia, Turkey. However, the overall pattern of Ptt isolates did not support the sexual reproduction hypothesis in Turkey. Sexual reproduction in the life cycle of P. teres is important since it could lead to genetic and pathogenic variation. As a result of new sexual combinations more virulent pathotypes of P. teres may occur.

In order to survive sub-zero temperatures, some plants undergo cold acclimation where low, non-freezing temperatures and/or shortened day lengths allow cold hardening and survival during subsequent freeze events. Central to this response is the plasma membrane, where low-temperature is perceived and cellular homeostasis must be preserved by maintaining membrane integrity. Here, we present the first plasma membrane proteome of cold-acclimated Brachypodium distachyon, a model species for the study of monocot crops. A time course experiment investigated cold acclimation-induced changes in the proteome following two-phase partitioning plasma membrane enrichment and label-free quantification by nano-liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry. Two days of cold acclimation were sufficient for membrane protection as well as an initial increase in sugar levels, and coincided with a significant change in the abundance of 154 proteins. Prolonged cold acclimation resulted in further increases in soluble sugars and abundance changes in more than 680 proteins, suggesting both a necessary early response to low-temperature treatment, as well as a sustained cold acclimation response elicited over several days. A meta-analysis revealed that the identified plasma membrane proteins have known roles in low-temperature tolerance, metabolism, transport, and pathogen defense as well as drought, osmotic stress and salt resistance suggesting crosstalk between stress responses, such that cold acclimation may prime plants for other abiotic and biotic stresses. The plasma membrane proteins identified here present keys to an understanding of cold tolerance in monocot crops and the hope of addressing economic losses associated with modern climate-mediated increases in frost events.

Pyrenophora graminea is the seed-borne pathogen causal agent of barley leaf stripe disease. In this work, we screened a collection of 206 spring two-row barley cultivars from Europe for their resistance to the fungal pathogen. Artificial inoculation with the highly virulent isolate Dg2 revealed a continuous variation for the incidence of infection, with few highly resistant or highly susceptible genotypes. On average, old cultivars showed higher resistance than the more modern ones. Genome-Wide Association Scan was performed by exploiting available molecular data for >4000 SNP markers and revealed a single, highly significant association on the short arm of chromosome 6H, in a genomic position where quantitative trait loci (QTL) for barley resistance to P. graminea were not detected before. Based on the last version of the reference barley genome, genes encoding for proteins with a kinase domain were suggested as candidates for the locus.

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ÖzKöy çeşitleri, özellikle kuru tarım alanlarında yürütülen ıslah programlarının en önemli gen kaynaklarından biridir. Seleksiyonda kullanılacak veya bir ıslah programında ebeveyn olarak yararlanılacak köy çeşitlerinin genetik varyasyon sınırlarının belirlenmesi ve hedef çevrelerdeki mevcut çeşitlere göre üstün olanların saptanması ıslah çalışmasındaki başarının arttırılması için gereklidir. Ankara-Gölbaşı koşullarında 2012-2013 yetiştirme sezonunda yürütülen bu çalışmada, arpa (Hordeum vulgare L.) köy çeşitlerinin verim ve bazı tarımsal özellikleri bakımından değişim sınırları ve üstün özellikler taşıyanların ıslah programlarında kullanım olanakları incelenmiştir. Araştırmada, 200 arpa köy çeşidi ile birlikte kontrol olarak ikisi altı sıralı ve üçü iki sıralı olmak üzere beş adet tescilli arpa çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Landraces are one of the most important genetic resources in breeding programs carried out especially in dry farming areas. Determination of genetic variation of landraces which will be utilized in selection or crossing programs as a parent in a breeding program and determining the superior genotypes better than the existing cultivars in the target environment is required to improve the success of breeding activities. In this study, variation range for grain yield and some agronomic traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces were investigated during 2012/2013 cropping year at Ankara-Golbasi location, in order to determine outstanding barley landraces and to utilize them in the barley breeding programs. Two hundred barley landraces including five check cultivars (three two-rowed and two six-rowed) were used as genetic materials. The design of the experiment was Augmented Experimental Design with four blocks. Minimum and maximum values of the genotypes revealed great variation among the genotypes. The range of the values were 172-194 days for days to heading, 216-240 days for days to maturity, 82-134 cm for plant height, 204-796 for spike number per m 2 , 1500-7426 kg ha -1 for grain yield and 31.5-53.2 g for thousand kernel weight. The highest variation in investigated traits was observed in spike number per m 2 , grain yield and thousand kernel weight. Spike number per m 2 had the highest effect on grain yield of landraces used in this study. As a result of evaluation in terms of grain yield and agronomic traits of landraces, it was seen that these landraces material have a potential to use for direct registration or as a genetic material in crossing programs of a barley breeding program carried out in dry conditions of Central Anatolia.

Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) is a progenitor of cultivated barley and naturally grows in Turkey. H. spontaneum genotypes possess superior characteristics for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance factors. In this study, 3 virulent Pyrenophora teres f. maculata and 3 virulent P. teres f. teres isolates were tested under greenhouse conditions in order to find net blotch resistant H. spontaneum genotypes. A total of 104 H. spontaneum genotypes were used. Twenty-six H. spontaneum genotypes which corresponded to 25% of the genotypes (genotypes numbered 8,

Powdery mildew, net blotch, scald, spot blotch, barley stripe, and leaf rust are important foliar fungal pathogens of barley. Fungal leaf pathogens negatively affect the yield and quality in barley plant. Virulence changes, which can occur in various ways, may render resistant plants to susceptible ones. Factors such as mutation, population size and random genetic drift, gene and genotype flow, reproduction and mating systems, selection imposed by major gene resistance, and quantitative resistance can affect the genetic diversity of the pathogenic fungi. The use of fungicide or disease-resistant barley genotypes is an effective method of disease control. However, the evolutionary potential of pathogens poses a risk to overcome resistance genes in the plant and to neutralize fungicide applications. Factors affecting the genetic diversity of the pathogen fungus may lead to the emergence of more virulent new pathotypes in the population. Understanding the factors affecting pathogen evolution, monitoring pathogen biology, and genetic diversity will help to develop effective control strategies.

Determination of fungal leaf diseases in wheat and barley fields of Kırıkkale province, Turkey In this study, leaf diseases occurring on barley and wheat fields in Kırıkkale province were determined. Survey studies were carried out in central province and eight districts of Kırıkkale in 2015 and prevalence and severity of diseases were determined. A total of 300 fields consisting of 128 barley and 172 wheat fields inspected. The following barley disease causing agents were found: Drechslera teres f. maculata, Drechslera teres f. teres, Drechslera graminea, Rhynchosporium commune, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei, Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia hordei and, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Mean prevalences of these diseases were determined as 5.63% for D. teres f. maculata, as 1.77% for D. teres f. teres, as 0.35% for D. graminea, as 4.37% for R. commune, as 0.53% for E. graminis f. sp. hordei, as 0.06% for P. striiformis, as 0.47% for P. hordei, 0.03% for P. graminis f. sp. tritici. The following wheat disease causing agents were found: E. graminis f. sp. tritici, P. striiformis, P. recondita f. sp. tritici, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, Septoria tritici, Pyrenophora triticirepentis and, Alternaria sp. Mean prevalences of these diseases were determined as 0.46% for E. graminis f. sp. tritici, as 1.94% for P. striiformis, as 0.20% for P. recondita f. sp. tritici, as 1.43% for P. graminis f. sp. tritici, as 1.35% for S. tritici, as 0.20% for P. tritici-repentis, as 0.09% for Alternaria sp.