Tin-based perovskite solar cells have gained global research attention due to the lead toxicity and health risk associated with its lead-based analog. The promising opto-electrical properties of the Tin-based perovskite have attracted researchers to work on developing Tin-based perovskite solar cells with higher efficiencies comparable to lead-based analogs. Tin-based perovskites outperform lead-based ones in areas such as optimal band gap and carrier mobility. A detailed understanding of the effects of each parameter and working conditions on Tin-based perovskite is crucial in order to improve efficiency. In the present work, we have carried out a numerical simulation of a planar heterojunction Tin-based (CH3NH3SnI3) perovskite solar cell employing a SCAPS 1D simulator. Device parameters, namely, the thickness of the absorber layer, the defect density of the absorber layer, working temperature, series resistance, and metalwork function, were exclusively investigated. ZnO was employed as the ETL (electron transport layer) material in the initial simulation to obtain optimized parameters and attained a maximum efficiency of 19.62% with 1.1089 V open circuit potential (Voc) at 700 nm thickness (absorber layer). Further, different ETL materials were introduced into the optimized device architecture, and the Zn2SnO4-based device delivered an efficiency of 24.3% with a Voc of 1.1857 V. The obtained results indicate a strong possibility to model and construct better-performing perovskite solar cells based on Tin (Sn) with Zn2SnO4 as the ETL layer.
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Perovskite-based photovoltaic technology has gained significant attention owing to its tunable electrical and
optical properties. Among them, lead-based perovskites are considered as the most efficient one that delivers maximum
power conversion efficiency with ample stability. In the current scenario, the perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) can be
classified into two main categories, i.e., highly efficient lead-containing and underperforming lead-free based. Even though
lead-based PSCs delivers high efficiency, it loses the charm in the context of lead toxicity. The toxicity issue related to lead
stands as a barrier to the commercialization of lead-based PSCs. To date, various materials have been prepared and
implemented as an alternative to lead in the absorber layer. Tin (Sn) based perovskites are explored as an alternative absorber
material owing to its photovoltaic properties that are comparable to lead. Tin-based perovskites exhibit some drawbacks,
such as rapid crystallization, lack of oxidation stability, etc. Many research group has addressed the problems regarding tinbased perovskites and modified its structural and morphological aspects through compositional engineering as well as
functional additives and managed to obtain an efficiency of around 10 %. In this review, we portray the state of the art
developments of tin-based PSCs and its future perspectives.
The effect of electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by changing the structure and morphology of FeTiO 3 nanoparticle prepared through sol-gel and hydrothermal methods is explained in this study. FeTiO 3 nanoparticles were used as a cathode where as a stainless steel plate and CO 2 − saturated NaHCO 3 were used as an anode and an electrolyte, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry analysis were carried out comprehensively on FeTiO 3 -SG-and FeTiO 3 -HT-coated electrodes to decouple the electrochemical reduction processes of CO 2 in aqueous solution. The charge transfer resistance and the product gases were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and gas chromatography, respectively. The observed results were analyzed in light of structure/morphology, particle size, and surface area of FeTiO 3 nanoparticles and their influence on the effective cathodic behavior in CO 2 to CO reduction.
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