IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks have seen rapid growth and deployment in the recent years. Critical to the 802.11 MAC operation, is the handoff function which occurs when a mobile node moves its association from one access point to another. In this paper, we present an empirical study of this handoff process at the link layer, with a detailed breakup of the latency into various components. In particular, we show that a MAC layer function -probe is the primary contributor to the overall handoff latency. In our study, we observe that the latency is significant enough to affect the quality of service for many applications (or network connections). Further we find a large variation in the latency with from one handoff to another and also among APs and STAs used from different vendors. In this study, we account for this variation and also draw the guidelines for future handoff schemes.

Abstract-We propose techniques to improve the usage of wireless spectrum in the context of wireless local area networks (WLANs) using new channel assignment methods among interfering Access Points (APs). We identify new ways of channel re-use that are based on realistic interference scenarios in WLAN environments. We formulate a weighted variant of the graph coloring problem that takes into account realistic channel interference observed in wireless environments, as well as the impact of such interference on wireless users. We prove that the weighted graph coloring problem is NP-hard and propose scalable distributed algorithms that achieve significantly better performance than existing techniques for channel assignment. We evaluate our algorithms through extensive simulations and experiments over an in-building wireless testbed.

User mobility in wireless data networks is increasing because of technological advances, and the desire for voice and multimedia applications. These applications, however, require handoffs between base stations to be fast to maintain the quality of the connections. Previous work on context transfer for fast handoffs has focused on reactive, i.e. the context transfer occurs after the mobile station has associated with the next base station or access router, methods. In this paper, we describe the use of a novel and efficient data structure, neighbor graphs, which captures dynamically the mobility topology of a wireless network as a means for pre-positioning the station's context at the potential next base stations-ensuring that the station's context remains one hop ahead. From experimental and simulation results, we find that the use of neighbor graphs reduces the layer 2 handoff latency due to reassociation by an order of magnitude from 15.37ms to 1.69ms, and that the effectiveness of the approach improves dramatically as user mobility increases.

Abstract-The 802.11 IEEE Standard has enabled low cost and effective wireless LAN services (WLAN). With the sales and deployment of WLAN based networks exploding, many people believe that they will become the fourth generation cellular system (4G) or a major portion of it. However, the small cell size of WLAN networks creates frequent hand-offs for mobile users. If the latency of these hand-offs is high, as previous studies have shown, then the users of synchronous multimedia applications such as voice over IP (VoIP) will experience excessive jitter. The dominating factor in WLAN hand-offs has been shown to be the discovery of the candidate set of next access points. In this paper, we describe the use of a novel and efficient discovery method using neighbor graphs and overlap graphs. Our method reduces the total number probed channels as well as the total time spent waiting on each channel. Our implementation results show that this approach reduces the overall probe time significantly when compared to other approaches. Furthermore, simulation results show that the effectiveness of our method improves as the number of non-overlapping channels increases, such as in the 5 GHz band used by the IEEE 802.11a standard.

Abstract-We propose an efficient client-based approach for channel management (channel assignment and load balancing) in 802.11-based WLANs that lead to better usage of the wireless spectrum. This approach is based on a "conflict set coloring" formulation that jointly performs load balancing along with channel assignment. Such a formulation has a number of advantages. First, it explicitly captures interference effects at clients. Next, it intrinsically exposes opportunities for better channel re-use. Finally, algorithms based on this formulation do not depend on specific physical RF models and hence can be applied efficiently to a wide-range of in-building as well as outdoor scenarios.We have performed extensive packet-level simulations and measurements on a deployed wireless testbed of 70 APs to validate the performance of our proposed algorithms. We show that in addition to single network scenarios, the conflict set coloring formulation is well suited for channel assignment where multiple wireless networks share and contend for spectrum in the same physical space. Our results over a wide range of both simulated topologies and in-building testbed experiments indicate that our approach improves application level performance at the clients by upto three times (and atleast 50%) in comparison to current best-known techniques.

Many wireless channels in different technologies are known to have partial overlap. However, due to the interference effects among such partially overlapped channels, their simultaneous use has typically been avoided. In this paper, we present a first attempt to model partial overlap between channels in a systematic manner. Through the model, we illustrate that the use of partially overlapped channels is not always harmful. In fact, a careful use of some partially overlapped channels can often lead to significant improvements in spectrum utilization and application performance. We demonstrate this through analysis as well as through detailed application-level and MAC-level measurements. Additionally, we illustrate the benefits of our developed model by using it to directly enhance the performance of two previously proposed channel assignment algorithms -one in the context of wireless LANs and the other in the context of multi-hop wireless mesh networks. Through detailed simulations, we show that use of partially overlapped channels in both these cases can improve end-to-end application throughput by factors between 1.6 and 2.7 in different scenarios, depending on wireless node density. We conclude by observing that the notion of partial overlap can be the right model of flexibility to design efficient channel access mechanisms in the emerging software radio platforms.

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Abstract-User mobility in wireless data networks is increasing because of technological advances, and the desire for voice and multimedia applications. These applications, however, require handoffs between base stations (or access points) to be fast to maintain the quality of the connections. In this paper, we introduce a novel data structure, the Neighbor Graph, which dynamically captures the mobility topology of the network, and we show how neighbor graphs can be utilized to reduce the authentication time of an IEEE 802.11 hand-off from 1.1 seconds (full EAP/TLS) to 50 ms without loss of security.