ORIGINAL ARTICLE PURPOSE We aimed to present the frequency of computed tomography (CT) signs of diaphragmatic rupture and the differences between blunt and penetrating trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe CT scans of 23 patients with surgically proven diaphragmatic tears (both blunt and penetrating) were retrospectively reviewed for previously described CT signs of diaphragmatic injuries. The overall frequency of CT signs was reported; frequency of signs in right-and left-sided injuries and blunt and penetrating trauma were separately tabulated and statistically compared. RESULTSThe discontinuous diaphragm sign was the most common sign, observed in 95.7% of patients, followed by diaphragmatic thickening (69.6%). While the dependent viscera sign and collar sign were exclusively observed in blunt-trauma patients, organ herniation (P = 0.05) and dangling diaphragm (P = 0.0086) signs were observed significantly more often in blunt trauma than in penetrating trauma. Contiguous injury on either side of the diaphragm was observed more often in penetrating trauma (83.3%) than in blunt trauma (17.7%). CONCLUSIONKnowledge of the mechanism of injury and familiarity with all CT signs of diaphragmatic injury are necessary to avoid a missed diagnosis because there is variability in the overall occurrence of these signs, with significant differences between blunt and penetrating trauma.

AimThe prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among diabetes patients is poorly studied. In the present study, the prevalence of LTBI among pre-diabetes and diabetes patients was studied, along with immunoendocrine biomarkers (n = 804).MethodsLTBI was screened by Quantiferon TB gold in Normal glucose tolerance [(NGT); n = 170, [Pre-diabetes (PDM; n = 209), Newly diagnosed diabetes (NDM; n = 165) and Known diabetes (KDM; n = 260) subjects. CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-β, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels in serum and IFN-γ levels in quantiferon supernatants were quantified by ELISA. The expression of T-bet was quantified using qRT-PCR. Serum TBARS and nitrite levels were quantified by colorimetry.ResultsThe LTBI prevalence was 32% in NGT, 23% in PDM, 24% in NDM, and 32% in KDM groups, with an adjusted OR of 0.61 (p < 0.05). Downregulation of CRP, TNF-α, and nitrites and upregulation of adiponectin could be responsible for LTBI mediated protection against insulin resistance (IR), while the high levels of IL-1β, IL-12, and leptin could be responsible for IR mediated anti-TB immunity. The defective antigen-specific IFN-γ response, as seen in the KDM group, could be responsible for the low detection rate of LTBI and high probability of endogenous reactivation.ConclusionThere appears to be a biphasic relationship between diabetes-latent tuberculosis: At the early stages of diabetes it is reciprocal, while at a late stage it is synergistic, this important phenomenon obviously needs further research.

Inguinal hernias containing ovary have a documented incidence of 3%. Most of the cases are associated with congenital anomalies of genital tract such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. A 20-year-old female presented with primary amenorrhoea, normal secondary sexual characteristics and genetic karyotyping showing 46XX chromosome. On USG abdomen and pelvis examination complete absence of uterus, cervix and vagina was found. Both the ovaries were seen away from normal anatomical location in bilateral inguinal canal without significant complication. MRI study confirmed agenesis of uterus, cervix and vagina; bilateral inguinal hernia with ovaries as contents. Type 1 MRKH syndrome with bilateral ovarian hernias was diagnosed.

Angioinvasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an acute fulminant infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales that targets uncontrolled diabetics and other immunosupressed individuals. Early imaging features of angioinvasiveness include the presence of thrombosed vessels, especially in the orbital regions and the “black turbinate” sign representing devitalized paranasal sinus mucosa. Intracranial extension carries a grave prognosis, with death reported in 90% of cases. This case report highlights the early and key imaging features of angioinvasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis and a rare complication of complete internal carotid artery thrombosis.

Adnexal torsions are one among the causes of acute pelvic pain in females. Commonly occurring adnexal torsions are ovarian either involving the normal ovary with functional cysts or an associated mass. Fallopian tube torsions, torsions involving paraovarian, fimbrial cysts and subserosal fibroids are rare. Here we discuss the multimodality imaging approach for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion, its limitations and mimics.