This work presents technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel biorefinery producing succinic acid (SA) from sugarcane bagasse. The process consists of acid pretreatment, fermentation, followed by downstream separation and purification. Experimental data for pretreatment and fermentation are adapted for a plant processing 4 t/h of dry bagasse, producing 405 kg/h of succinic acid with the same quantity of acetic acid as a side product. Downstream separation is simulated in ASPEN PLUS. The facility is assumed to be annexed to and heat-integrated with an existing sugar mill in India. LCA is performed considering cradle-to-gate scope with 1 kg of SA as the functional unit. The TEA results show that although the process is currently not economically feasible, expected improvements in fermentation yields will make it cost-competitive. For the expected yield, the product cost of SA is INR 121/kg ($1.61/kg), and the selling price of succinic acid should be INR 178/kg ($2.37/kg) for a payback period of 4 years. Pretreatment and fermentation are the biggest contributors to the product cost. The life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are 1.39 kg of CO 2 equiv/kg succinic acid with electricity as the major contributor. Process improvement opportunities are identified to reduce the costs, as well as life cycle impacts.
A detailed techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel bio-refinery that produces xylitol from sugarcane bagasse are provided. The proposed process includes dilute acid pretreatment in pressurized conditions followed by fermentation (upstream section). The fermentation broth is then sent for separation and purification to the downstream section. Calculations are performed for a plant with 4 t/h of dry bagasse throughput. With a fermentation yield of 0.54 g xylitol per g of xylose, the plant produced 437.4 kg/h of xylitol. Upstream data are adapted from experimental studies, while ASPEN PLUS ® flowsheet simulation is used to obtain data for the downstream section. The xylitol production facility is assumed to be annexed to an existing sugar mill in India. The total utility requirement in the process is reduced using heat integration strategies. Cradle-to-gate scope is considered for the LCA and 1 kg of xylitol is taken as the functional unit. The product cost of xylitol is calculated to be 230 INR/kg (US$3.17/kg). For a 4 year payback period, the selling price of xylitol must be 450 INR/kg (US$6.2/ kg). The fermentation and pretreatment sections are the major components of the product cost. The LCA results show that the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are 2.759 kg CO 2 eq. per kg xylitol. The electricity requirement within the plant is identified as the major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and reduction of fermentation duration is identified as a key factor. The results identify opportunities to improve the process from an economic as well as an environmental standpoint.
Water could also be variety one necessity of humans and each one residing beings. There is a number of water on the earth but it sincerely is not suitable for human use. Clean water is extra important and is used for a couple of purposes. The impurities observed in water can purpose dangerous diseases. Impurities in drainage water are often like empty bottles, polythene bags, papers etc. House drains empty themselves into the foremost drains which run beneath the foremost streets and beneath many lanes. Solid topics which is perhaps created thru human or animal activities, and which is perhaps disposed of due to the reality they’ll be dangerous or useless are mentioned as sturdy waste. Most of the sturdy wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, or even used motors and virtual gadgets aren’t biodegradable, this suggests that they’re not getting lessened through inorganic or herbal processes. Thus, after they collect they purpose a hazard to people. Decaying wastes moreover enchantment to have circle of relatives pests and convey about metropolis areas becoming unhealthy, dirty and unsightly places to be dwelling in. Moreover, it moreover motives damage to terrestrial organisms on the equal time as moreover reducing the uses of the land for specific extra useful purposes. Therefore, this problem goals immediately remedial measures. These impurities observed in drainage water can purpose blockage or the system.
A novel active metasurface which is switchable to accomplish dual band gain enhancement is reported. The metasurface is used as a superstrate above the dual band patch antenna working at 2.4 GHz and 4.6 GHz. The gain of the antenna is enhanced by 3.5 dB at both frequencies. Switching between the frequencies is enabled by a p-i-n diode. When the p-i-n diode is in the OFF state, gain is enhanced at 2.4 GHz, while gain is reduced at 4.6 GHz. When the p-i-n diode is in the ON state, gain is enhanced at 4.6 GHz, but reduced at 2.4 GHz. The diode is controlled by biasing with a regulated DC source. The efficiency of the antenna is 70% at 2.4 GHz and 85% at 4.6 GHz. The simulated and measured results show good agreement. The distance between the antenna and the superstrate is 6 mm, which is 0.048λ at 2.4 GHz and 0.092λ at 4.6 GHz. This superstrate can be used in WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5G applications.
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