Alkyd Resin based on Jatropha and Rapeseed oils using glycerol, phthalic, and maleic anhydride were synthesized to obtain the resins suitable for electrical applications. These resins were characterized for the physical and electrical properties. Varnishes were prepared using these resins and characterized as per standard methods. In general, both the varnishes prepared from alkyd resin from jatropha and rapeseed oils meet the standard requirements. However, the varnish prepared from rapeseed oil was found to be superior in terms of adhesion, break down voltage, and volume resistivity.
ZRC-3197 has been developed indigenously by Cadila Healthcare Ltd as a biosimilar adalimumab of originator HUMIRA ®. Biosimilarity has been demonstrated with a comprehensive set of state-of-the-art analytical techniques to characterize the physicochemical and functional properties of ZRC-3197 in comparison with originator HUMIRA ®. The biosimilar ZRC-3197 showed indistinguishable primary and secondary structures with similar level of purity and heterogeneity as compared to that of the originator product. When analyzed, in parallel, the two products were observed to show a high degree of sameness of the carbohydrate structure and charge heterogeneity profile. Both biosimilar ZRC-3197 and the originator HUMIRA ® appeared to show highly comparable key functional properties, as assessed by in vitro cell-based assay and surface plasmon resonance technique. The biosimilar ZRC-3197 exhibited highly similar tumor necrosis factor alpha neutralizing activity as well as binding affinity for FcγRIIIa receptor compared to that of the originator product. The biosimilar ZRC-3197 was observed to show similar level of efficacy and safety profile in rheumatoid arthritis patients, when submitted to a head-to-head double-blind trial, in India, with the originator (reference) product, HUMIRA ®. Based on the demonstrated biosimilarity, market authorization has been granted for ZRC-3197, as a biosimilar of originator HUMIRA ® , in India. Here, we report the characterization of physicochemical and functional properties of the biosimilar ZRC-3197 and originator HUMIRA ® .
Decreasing
mineral oil resources, increasing costs, and the need
for environmental protection in the use and disposal of lubricants
have forced researchers to develop green lubricant formulations. Although
many green lubricants consisting of biodegradable base stocks that
exhibit excellent properties have been developed, further improvements
in their friction and wear performance are required for them to become
replacements for mineral-oil-based lubricants. Therefore, in addition
to the introduction of biolubricants, the development of new environmentally
benign lubricant additives is gaining attention to address the environmental
issues. Along these lines, the present investigation involved the
synthesis of cellulose laurate by an esterification reaction between
microcrystalline cellulose and lauroyl chloride [CH3(CH2)10COOCl] using dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride
(DMAc/LiCl) as the solvent and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) as
the catalyst. Different reactions were carried out with varying concentrations
of lauroyl chloride. Three samples (Cell Lau-A, -B, and -C) with different
degrees of substitution (DS) were then characterized using IR spectroscopy,
NMR spectroscopy, TG, SEM, CHN analysis, and XRD to confirm the conversion
of the cellulose into cellulose laurate ester. The degrees of substitution
(DS) of the synthesized samples were determined using the NMR method.
The lubricating efficiencies of the cellulose laurate samples were
estimated using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) by measuring
the wear scar diameters (WSDs) of spherical specimens and the coefficient
of friction. The lubricity was found to increase with increasing concentration
of cellulose laurate ester in n-butyl palmitate/stearate.
Regarding the lubricity of the cellulose laurate esters with different
values of DS, the lubricity increased as the DS increased.
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