Eight pharmaceuticals, the anti-epileptic carbamazepine, two antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin, and five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, ketorolac, and ketoprofen were analyzed in influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants in Jordan. After solid phase extraction at pH 4, the analytes were determined by LC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring mode. For quantitation purposes, external calibration was applied first. Regression coefficients of !0.995 indicated the linearity in the concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL. Finally, single-point standard addition was applied to compensate matrix effects. The instrumental detection limits were between 0.05 and 20 pg amount injected. The method quantitation limits for spiked influent and effluent samples were 0.5 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. Recovery rates were !78%. Precision given as relative standard deviations for within-day precision and time-different intermediate precision ranged from 2 to 21 and 1 to 19%, respectively. In this study, the maximum average concentrations found for ibuprofen were 5.7 mg/L in the influent and 2.2 mg/L in the effluent samples. The other pharmaceuticals ranged from 0.7 to 5.2 and 0.2 to 1.3 mg/L, respectively. Ketorolac and ketoprofen were not detected.
Robusta coffee is known for its bitter taste and stronger aroma compared to arabica coffee. Additionally, robusta coffee has a higher caffeine content. Coffee quality is evaluated based on the quality of green coffee beans and the taste of the brewed coffee. A good and delicious coffee taste can be achieved by roasting the coffee beans correctly and using high-quality green coffee beans. This study was conducted to evaluate the taste of quality 1 robusta coffee beans with different sizes - L (7.5 mm in diameter), M (6.5 mm in diameter), and S (5.5 mm in diameter). The experiment was carried out using a simple randomized block design and analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by the LSD test with a 5% significance level. The research was conducted at a coffee processing factory in Satak village, Kediri, East Java in March 2022. The taste testing of the robusta coffee was done using the cupping test method according to the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) standards. The results of the analysis indicate that the taste of quality 1 robusta coffee beans is significantly affected by the size of the beans in terms of fragrance, flavor, balance, sweetness, and overall taste. Based on the cupping coffee quality classification scores, robusta coffee beans 1S, 1M, and 1L scored <75, which means they are of low quality and considered off-grade.
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