Neuralgic amyotrophy is an uncommon condition characterised by the acute onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm, followed by weakness and atrophy of the affected muscles, and sensory loss as the pain subsides. The diversity of its clinical manifestations means that it may present to a variety of different specialties within medicine. This article describes the epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnoses, investigations, treatment, course and prognosis of the condition.
Population-based screening studies suggest an overall prevalence of coeliac disease in Western populations of about 1%. A variety of neurological problems have been associated with coeliac disease occurring in up to 10% of cases of adult coeliac disease. We report an interesting case of a patient with coeliac disease who subsequently developed neurological symptoms several years later. Furthermore, a literature review of all cases to date was performed.
A
bstract
Aim and objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of low-fluoride and fluoride-free dentifrices against
Streptococcus mutans
.
Materials and methods
The antimicrobial efficacy of four commercially available low-fluoride child formula dentifrices and four fluoride-free dentifrices against
S. mutans
was determined using the agar diffusion test. Fifty microliters of various dilutions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) of each dentifrice were inoculated on the assigned plates under aseptic conditions. Saline was taken as negative control and 0.2% chlorhexidine was considered as a positive control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the zone of inhibition around the wells was measured.
Results
All the tested low-fluoride dentifrices showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against
S. mutans
with F2 (Pediflor®) and F4 (Cheerio™) showing greater zones of inhibition when compared to F1 (Colgate®kids) and F3 (Kidodent). When the mean zones of inhibition produced by non-fluoridated dentifrices were compared with that of fluoridated dentifrices, no statistically significant difference was noted between NF1, NF3, NF4, and F2, F4. The antibacterial activity of F1 and F3 was significantly lower when compared to others. However, no antibacterial activity was noted with NF2.
Conclusion
Both low-fluoride and fluoride-free formulations tested in the study exhibited antimicrobial activity against
S. mutans
. In very young children where the risk of fluorosis is of concern, fluoride-free formulations can be considered as safe alternatives to fluoride formulations.
Clinical significance
Several dentifrices, both fluoride-free and low-fluoride formulations, are being aggressively marketed for young children. Though these toothpastes are being very commonly used by young parents for their infants and toddlers, there is very little published literature available on their antimicrobial activity and this study focuses on addressing this.
How to cite this article
Reddy D, Selvan A, Paul ST,
et al.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Commercially Available Low-fluoride and Fluoride-free Dentifrices for Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):183–186.
Propriospinal myoclonus is a rare movement disorder characterised by axial flexion or extension myoclonic jerks, produced by activation of spinal segments spreading rostrally or caudally. We present a 54-year-old man with propriospinal myoclonus confirmed on multimodal surface electromyography. Magnetic resonance imaging of his spinal cord was normal. He has a family history of fragile X syndrome and previous screening of his FMR1 gene revealed one allele with 78 CGG triplet repeat expansion, within the premutation range (56–200 repeats). No other cause of his propriospinal myoclonus was found. He responded to 10 mg citalopram. The association with fragile X premutation has only been report in one other patient; treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has not been previously reported to our knowledge.
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