This paper focuses on the issues of sustainable entrepreneurship using an example of South Korea (also known as the Republic of Korea). Mainly, it is tackling the problem of preserving the vulnerable agricultural sector and its social structure according to South Korean general course for increasing the openness of the economy. We build upon the historical approach, economic and comparative analysis in order to classify and formulate the features of the South Korean agrarian model. Moreover, we analyze how this model is applied for the stages of the state agricultural policy, including the foreign trade component, domestic support measures for agriculture. Our results reveal the importance of the gradualness and flexibility of the transition to a market efficiency model with the active use of nonmarket methods and the preservation of selective protection of the domestic market from commodity imports. It becomes apparent that following the FAO approaches to the concept of food security, South Korea uses the policy of combining self-sufficiency and imports, increasingly diversifying the structure of consumed food products.
The article is devoted to the study of general and special characteristics of the condition and state regulation of agriculture in three East Asian countries: China, Japan, and South Korea. It is determined that there are several historical similarities associated with the Asian way of production, low land use, high dependence on food imports, rapid urbanization and high population density. The topic of food security is relevant for all three countries. The comparative analysis made it possible to identify and specify important differences in the process and results of the modernization of agriculture in the three countries. Especially in terms of the level and speed of technical and technological development, domestic state support for agriculture, foreign trade policy, changes in the trade balance for agricultural goods, the inclusion of countries in the import of GM seeds and the production of organic food, positions in the ratings of the global food security index. The article focuses on the issues of commercialization of biotechnological crops and China's strategy aimed at future global dominance in the field of agricultural science and technology. Using the mechanism of international corporate mergers and acquisitions, the Chinese company with state participation entered the top five world leaders in the production of GM seeds and IT platforms for precision farming.
The article is devoted to the analysis of domestic and foreign trade of the Eurasian economic Union (EAEU) of agri-food products; identification and assessment of current trends, growth factors and imbalances in the light of efforts to create a unified agricultural policy of the member States of the Union. It is determined that Russia's successful implementation of the priority project «Export of agricultural products» contributed to the increase in grain exports to third countries in spite of the limited effective demand within the EAEU. The largest contribution to exports within the five countries, especially in terms of livestock products, makes Belarus with a significant negative balance of its trade in agricultural products with countries outside the Union. The free trade agreement with Vietnam stimulates export from Russia with mainly wheat, which strengthens its position as a source of agricultural raw materials without shifting the focus to products of deep processing. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that agriculture is officially recognized as a strategic industry, and food security is an integral part of the national security of the country. It is of interest to study the formation of a single agricultural market within the EAEU and the realities of foreign trade with third countries.
В статье рассмотрена внешняя торговля Республики Кореи за последние восемь лет в контексте заключения соглашения о свободной торговле между Республикой Кореей и Евразийским экономическим союзом. Автором отслежена динамика экспорта и импорта страны в исследуемый период, изменение товарной структуры экспорта и импорта, география экспорта и импорта, динамика товаропотоков как доля в ВВП, а также выделены наиболее часто экспортируемые и импортируемые товары на уровне шестизнаков Гармонизированной системы описания и кодирования товаров (ГС). За исследуемый период структура экспорта и импорта Республики Кореи мало изменилась: основным экспортируемым товаром, как и раньше, остается высокотехнологичное оборудование (плавучие средства и их элементы, наземный автомобильный транспорт и его части; запоминающие устройства (около 15% всего экспорта)). В импорте же преобладают энергоносители (пятая часть всего импорта) и машины и оборудование (84 и 85-я группы ГС). Ключевые слова: внешняя торговля, экспорт, импорт.The article considers the foreign trade of the Republic of Korea over the past eight years in the context of the future free trade agreement between the Republic of Korea and the Eurasian Economic Union. The author traces the dynamics of exports and imports of the country during the certain period, the change in the commodity structure of exports and imports, the geography of exports and imports, the dynamics of commodity flows as a share of GDP, as well as the most exported and imported goods at the level of six signs of the Harmonized commodity description and coding system (HS). During the research period, the structure of exports and imports of the Republic of Korea has changed little: the main exported goods, as before, are high-tech equipment (floating equipment and its elements, land road transport and parts; storage devices (about 15% of all exports). Imports are dominated by energy (one fifth of total imports) and machinery and equipment (84 and 85 of the HS groups).
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