Introduction. The global structure of economy and business has been changing. New technologies and innovations occurred replacing or minimizing the role of old once. A number of traditional companies and industries must adopt new emerging technologies in order to survive on the international market. Moving from industrial society to Industry 4.0 society a few critical transformations should be taken into account. If it is understandable that innovations and technologies can benefit the whole economy and society in many ways, it is important to analyze what are the external factors that accelerate the development of innovative startups and technologies to boost the growth, development and welfare of societies and economies. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this article is to assess the development of startups and technology based companies in a number of European countries and to identify a group of countries that has the most favorable environment for startups and technology proliferations. Results. The findings of the research revealed that the most favorable countries for startup and technology-based companies’ creation are Scandinavian and Western European countries, the least ones – mainly Balkans. The findings claim that macroeconomic stability and skills (broaden concept is human capital) are the most important factors influencing the creation and adoption of startups and technology-based companies. Meanwhile the national market size is the least important factor. Conclusions. The conducted research presents that the most favorable countries for innovative startups and tech-based companies are mainly Scandinavian and Western European countries. It is important to notice that Scandinavian countries have exceptionally leading the list in this field. As analysis showed, macroeconomic stability and skills (to a broader concept human capital) are the most significant factors for technologies and innovations to occur. Finally, the market size seems to be the least important factor for technology and innovative startup development. It can be explained that startups and technologies by its nature are scalable businesses those market is entire globe.
Introduction. Higher education funding is relevant topic and widely analysed by scientist all other the world. Nowadays there is very big difference between higher education funding models across European Union countries – students have to pay very high fees for their studies in one countries, while in other countries – students have no obligations to pay for their studies at all, or have to pay very low tuition fees. All EU member states declare importance of HE for the future of economic, individual and society wellbeing. With respect to cost-sharing principle in higher education funding, higher education funding models can be divided into four models: Low-fee-High-subsidy; Low-fees-Low-subsidy; High-fees-High-subsidy and High-fee-Low subsidy. Aim and tasks. The aim of this article is to perform comparative analysis of two extremely different higher education funding models, which are applied in European Union states – Low-fee-High-subsidy higher education funding model (LFHS model) and High-fee-Low-subsidy higher education funding model (HFLS model). Results. The results of scientific research shows, that LFHS and HFLS models, which were analysed, have a different impact on access to higher education (i.e. gross enrolment rate (GER), GER male, GER female and HE graduation rate (HEGR) in EU countries. Conclusions. Tuition fees (max., min., net, normative) have a statistically significant, but not only positive or negative impact on enrolment to HE and graduation of HE, as well as for women and men enrolment to HE (GER male, GER female) – it depends on funding model EU state applies. Max. need-based grants have positive impact only in LFHS model case as well as min. need-based grants. In addition, the results of research show, that there is gender inequality – women enrolment to HE exceed men enrolment at most in HFLS model. Men are more likely to study in countries with higher need-based grants (for instance, in LFHS model countries). Counties with higher GDP per capita are more likely to apply LFHS model, than countries with lower GDP per capita.
The aim of the research was to assess the impact of a new structure of human capital on high value-added economic sectors in European countries. The conducted theoretical and empirical research has shown that the proposed new concept of human capital has a place to be. Three dimensions of human capital, such as quality, quantity and value, have different impacts on different sectors of European economies. Based on empirical data, the multiple linear regression model was chosen as a method that the best-fit structure of the data collected. The proposed econometric model revealed that the value of human capital is the most important component among three having very close statistical interconnections with qualitative dimensions. It was researched that Scandinavian countries scored the highest level of value dimension of human capital as well as high value-added in the economy. Open, trusted, tolerant, culturally diverse societies create preconditions for a rise for creative culture, which is a source for the formation of technological innovations and adaptation in high value-added economic sectors. Moreover, because of this value-added chain, technological innovations penetrate traditional industries as mining brings the reduction of cost, the increase in productivity and value-added, safety, and shared value in society through environmental issues.
Santrauka. Nematerialaus turto konceptualiosios žinios dar nesuformavo savo sanklodos ekonomikos moksle. Nematerialaus turto tyrimų sričiai impulsą suteikė tyrimai apskaitos teorijos ir praktikos srityje. Tačiau dėl savo materialaus pavidalo nebuvimo, sunkumų identifikuojant, išmatuojant ir vertinant, nematerialaus turto tyrimų sritis ekonomistų ilgą laiką buvo ignoruojama. XX a. antroje pusėje padidėjęs įmonių produktyvumas buvo aiškinamas kokybiškesniais žmogiškaisiais ištekliais ir technologine pažanga. Tik XX a. pab. atlikti pirmieji tyrimai siūlo daryti išvadą, kad nematerialios ekonomikos augimas didele dalimi gali būti paaiškintas nematerialaus turto naudojimu gamybos ar paslaugų teikimo procese, efektyvinant juos. Straipsnyje apžvelgiamos nematerialaus turto ištakos, pateikiama nematerialaus turto ekonominės minties istorijos raida, lemianti nematerialaus turto formavimąsi, gvildenami nematerialaus turto probleminiai klausimai, apibrėžiami pagrindiniai nematerialųjį turtą sudarantys elementai.Reikšminiai žodžiai: nematerialus turtas, nematerialaus turto ekonominės minties istorijos raida, nematerialaus turto samprata, nematerialaus turto elementai.JEL klasifikacija: C21, D24. ĮvadasKlasikinės ekonomikos teorijos tik iš dalies gali paaiškinti šiuolaikinius ekonomikos vyksmus. Ekonomikos augimo teorijos buvo puoselėjamos ir aiškinamos tokių klasikų kaip Marxas, Smith'as, Riccardo, Schumpeteris, Beckeris ir kitų. Tradiciniai gamybos veiksniai sulaukė daug ekonomistų dėmesio. Tačiau šiuolaikinėje ekonomikoje vykstantys sudėtingi procesai reikalauja naujų metodų ir metodologijos, siekiant paaiškinti tuos pačius procesus: produktyvumą, efektyvumą, konkurencingumą ir ekonomikos augimą. Sunkiai paaiškina-
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