AimTo evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone (OXN PR) and its impact on quality of life (QoL), in patients with moderate-to-severe cancer pain.MethodsThis was an open-label extension (OLE) of a 4 week, randomized, double-blind (DB) study in which patients with moderate-to-severe cancer pain had been randomized to OXN PR or oxycodone PR (OxyPR). During the OLE phase, patients were treated with OXN PR capsules (≤20/60 mg/day) for ≤24 weeks. Outcome measures included safety, efficacy and QoL.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-eight patients entered the OLE, average pain scores based on the modified Brief Pain Inventory—Short Form were low and stable over the 24-week period. The improvement in bowel function and constipation symptoms as measured by the Bowel Function Index and patient assessment of constipation in patients treated with OXN PR during the 4-week DB study was maintained. In patients treated with OxyPR during the DB phase, bowel function and constipation symptoms were improved during the OLE. In the DB and in the OLE, health status and QoL were similar for patients treated with OXN PR and OxyPR. There were no unexpected safety or tolerability issues.ConclusionsIn patients with moderate-to-severe cancer pain, long-term use of OXN PR is well tolerated and effective, resulting in sustained analgesia, improved bowel function and improved symptoms of constipation.
This paper focuses on the matter of cogging torque reduction by combining various methods of cogging torque minimization. Due to the high costs of prototype construction, cogging torque is minimized during the design phase by using numerical methods, while computer simulations are used to find a magnetic circuit arrangement for which the cogging torque has the smallest possible value. Cogging torque occurs as a result of combined impact of the magnetic field of a permanent magnet located at rotor and stator with variable magnetic conductivity depending on an angle of rotation. It is a pulsating torque and occurs permanently during machine operation, impacting the operation of the entire device cooperating with the electric machine and causing vibrations, tension, and noise. It results in braking torque and subsequent power losses and leads to faster wear and tear of machine structural elements. High cogging torque values cause problems with rotational speed adjustment. In the case of electric generators used in wind power plants, it impedes the start-up of power plants at high wind speeds. Considering the above, the reduction of cogging torque in permanent-magnet machines is extremely important.
This paper presents the results of field calculations of cogging torque for a 12-pole torque motor with an 18-slot stator. A constant angular velocity magnet and the same size gap between n-1 magnets were assumed. In these conditions, the effect of change of the n-th gap between magnets on the cogging torque was tested. Due to considerable length of the machine the calculations were performed using a 2D model. The n-th gap for which the cogging torque assumed the lowest value was evaluated. The cogging torque of the machine with symmetrical magnetic circuit (the same size of gap between magnets) was compared to the one of the asymmetrical machine. With proper choice of asymmetry, the cogging torque for the machine decreased by four times.
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