Introduction. The rapid development of the World's Olympic Taekwondo began with the introduction of this discipline to the programme of the Olympic Games. In its Olympic form, taekwondo fight is based on the rivalry of two players in a direct challenge, mainly to strike a specific blow at an opponent. All over the world the most popular Taekwondo dyscipline is Kyourugi -sports fight. The main objective of undertaken studies was to determine the effect of changes in sports regulations of taekwondo on the range of technical activities used by female athletes.Material and methods. In the study it was analyzed a total of 48 fights (84 players) in two Olympic taekwondo tournaments: Beijing -2008 and London -2012. There were observed 6 fights in each weight category (-49 kg, -57 kg, -67kg, over 67kg), 24 fights in each tournament. It was used the method of secondary direct analysis.Results. It was observed an increase in number of technical activities taken in upper zone -olgul (attack on an opponent's head) and a decrease in number of technical activities in lower zone -montong (attack on an opponent's trunk).Conclusions. The changes in the sports regulations have changed the range of technical acctivities used by female athletes in attack and counterattack. The players more often realized actions in the counterattack. In both analyzed tournaments it was found that a greater number of technical activities were taken towards a trunk (zone montong) than towards a head (zone olgul). However, it should be noted the significant statistical increase of technical activities towards olgul between the tournament in Beijing and the tournament in London (p <0.05).
Open Access License:This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. abstract BackgroundThe aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of kettlebell exercises in the aspect of shaping the special efficiency characteristics required by American football players. Material/MethodsThekettlebellstraininggroup(n=12)andtheAmericanfootballgroup(n=12),whoused trainingtypicaloftheirdiscipline,weresubjectedtoafitnesstestinUSfootball,consisting ofa40-yardrunspeedtest,anagilitytestintwoshuttleruns,ajumpingtestinCounter MovementJump(CMJ),andapowerandstrengthendurancetests. ResultsIntestsofspeed,agility,jumpingandpower,therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetween footballers and kettlebell exercisers, while strength endurance testing (benchpress with 100kg)andonespecialagilitytest(twoshuttleruns)showedthattrainingwithkettlebells develops these qualities of physical fitness significantly worse than standard football practice(p<0.05). ConclusionsKettlebelltrainingcanbebeneficialforshapingmostcharacteristicsofthespecialefficiency neededinAmericanfootballbutitisnotabletocompletelyreplacethetraditionalfootball strengthtrainingprogram,basedonexerciseswithbarbells.
The purpose of this publication is to provide generalized knowledge of the area of changes that took place over past centuries in relation to health, social and cultural conditions. In Greek mythology, it was necessary to nurture both body and spirit to be a perfect human being. This link between the concepts of physical beauty and goodness can be also found in later works dedicated to ancient Greek history. Particularly in Greek myths, and in Greek education in general, it was believed that both physical and spiritual excellence were necessary to raise men to achieve their true form. Some of the main forms of implementing this idea were hand-to-hand combat exercises (wrestling, boxing and pankration). Ideas characteristic of the world of ancient Greece, in a general sense, can be observed in the culture of the Far East. The main difference is the fact that these principles did not survive in Western culture as a result of transformation into a consumer society focused on the rejection of moral principles. The brutalisation of the forms of the Roman Games meant that the ideals of the ancient world were forgotten for more than 1500 years. The modern Olympic Games were resurrected in the 19th century. Inspired by the ancient Greek cult of health of body and spirit, they gave rise to a movement known as Olympism. In the Olympic Charter written by Coubertin, Olympism was called “a philosophy of life exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind”. The combat sports disciplines have had their place there since the beginning of the modern Olympic Games. The evolution of hand-to-hand combat disciplines, including numerous scientific studies indicating a very broad impact in the area of health, led to this type of physical activity being reached for as an essential element in supporting the health-promoting behaviour of society. Nowadays, physical activity in the area of exercise with elements of hand-to-hand combat, combat sports, or martial arts is an indissoluble link in the prevention and treatment of 21st century diseases. For Parkinson’s disease patients, drug treatment is an essential resource for continuing to function in society, but it will not be completely effective without supporting the treatment with appropriate and attractive physical activity (e.g., “Rock Steady Boxing”). Of similar importance is the prevention of dangerous falls, which are common in this population as well as among the elderly or those affected by other diseases of civilisation. Implementing the principles and techniques of safe falling in the teaching of the young population significantly increases the likelihood of applying appropriate responses to these individuals in adulthood and old age. Actions that should be taken now for prevention can be implemented through social programmes, such as “Active today for a healthy future”.
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