BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe antipyretic and hypothermic prodrug dipyrone prevents PGE2-dependent and -independent fever induced by LPS from Escherichia coli and Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) respectively. We aimed to identify the dipyrone metabolites responsible for the antipyretic and hypothermic effects.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHMale Wistar rats were treated i.p. with indomethacin (2 mg·kg ) or saline. Rectal temperatures were measured by tele-thermometry and dipyrone metabolite concentrations determined in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus by LC-MS/MS. PGE2 concentrations were determined in the CSF and hypothalamus by ELISA.
KEY RESULTSIn contrast to LPS, Tsv-induced fever was not followed by increased PGE2 in the CSF or hypothalamus. 4-AA in the hypothalamus, CSF and plasma. These metabolites reduced LPS-induced fever and the PGE2 increase in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus. Only 4-MAA inhibited Tsv-induced fever. The higher doses of dipyrone and 4-MAA also induced hypothermia.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe presence of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the CSF and hypothalamus was associated with PGE2 synthesis inhibition and a decrease in LPS-induced fever. 4-MAA was also shown to be an antipyretic metabolite for PGE2-independent fever induced by Tsv suggesting that it is responsible for the additional antipyretic mechanism of dipyrone. Moreover, 4-MAA is the hypothermic metabolite of dipyrone.
Abbreviations4-AA, 4-aminoantipyrine; 4-AAA, 4-acethylaminoantipyrine; 4-FAA, 4-formylaminoantipyrine; 4-MAA, 4-methylaminoantipyrine; aCSF, artificial CSF; CRF, corticotrophin-releasing factor; ET-1, endothelin-1; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PFPF, preformed pyrogenic factor; POA/AH, preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus; rT, rectal temperature; Tsv, Tityus serrulatus venom
Biocatalytic methods have shown to be a versatile choice for obtaining a large number of organic compounds under a nonnatural reaction condition. Another efficient approach is the continuous-flow system, which when combined with enzyme catalysis can make the process even more environmentally friendly. Based on this, amides from ethyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate were obtained, catalyzed by Lipase B of Candida Antarctica (CALÀ B) (41 %-75 %, 6-24 h) or in a free solvent/ catalyst system (69-99 %, 72 h). The efficiency of amide synthesis was improved using a continuous-flow system, reducing the reaction time to 10 min of residence in presence of CALÀ B. These results represent a contribution to the sustainable synthesis of compounds with cosmetic potential and pharmacological properties.
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