ResumoNas comunidades rurais, os serviços de saneamento básico são precários, afetando a qualidade de vida da população. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento sobre os serviços de saneamento prestados pelo município, com identificação do perfil socioeconômico e das condições sanitárias e sua interferência na vida dos moradores da comunidade Riachinho, zona rural de Barreiras, Bahia, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada entre setembro e dezembro de 2014, em 20 domicílios, numa amostragem aleatória simples. O diagnóstico foi realizado por meio de um questionário estruturado, englobando vulnerabilidade financeira da família, destino dos efluentes domésticos e dos resíduos sólidos, abastecimento de água, hábitos de higiene e condições de saúde da população. Os dados levantados foram sintetizados em tabelas, utilizando da estatística descritiva para descrição deles. Foi verificado que os serviços de saneamento prestados pelo município eram deficientes: intermitência no fornecimento de água, irregularidade na frequência da coleta de lixo, falta de infraestrutura das vias, ausência de limpeza pública, falta de posto de saúde, esgoto doméstico lançado nas ruas. Concluiu-se que os serviços de saneamento são precários, afetando negativamente na qualidade de vida da população e contribuindo para a proliferação de vetores, trazendo agravantes para a saúde dos moradores. Palavras-chave: Saneamento rural. Saúde ambiental. Qualidade de vida. Abstract In rural communities, basic sanitation services are precarious, affecting the quality of life of the population. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey on the sanitation services provided by the municipality, with identification of the socioeconomic profile, sanitary conditions and their interference in the life of the residents in Riachinho community, rural area of Barreiras, Bahia, Brasil. The research was carried out between September and December 2014, in 20 domiciles, in a simple random sampling. The diagnosis was performed by means of a structured questionnaire comprising family financial vulnerability, final destination of domestic effluents and solid waste, water supply, hygiene habits and health conditions of the population.The collected data were synthesized in tables, using the descriptive statistics to describe the data. It was verified that the sanitation services provided by the municipality were deficient: intermittent water supply, irregularity in the frequency of garbage collection, lack of streets' infrastructure, lack of public cleaning, lack of health facilities, domestic sewage thrown in the streets. In conclusion, sanitation services are precarious, adversely affecting the quality of life of the population and contributing to the proliferation of vectors, which aggravate the health of the residents. Keywords: Rural sanitation. Environmental health. Quality of life. FACTORES RELACIONADOS A LA SALUD PÚBLICA Y AL SANEAMIENTO BÁSICO EN COMUNIDAD RURAL DE BARRERAS, BAHIA, BRASIL ResumenEn las comunidades rurales, los servicios de saneami...
Understanding the processes related to the water circulation in the watershed is essential for the development of hydrological studies, estimates of water availability and improvements in the management and planning of water resources. In this regard, the objective of this work was to evaluate the water balance (WB) behavior, resulting from the combination of precipitation (PPT) and actual evapotranspiration (ETR) from different methodologies, concerning the representativeness of the physical and climatic conditions of the watershed. For this purpose, four sources of precipitation data (IMERG, TMPA, TerraClimate and IDW interpolation of the data from rain gauge stations) and four from actual evapotranspiration (MOD16, GLEAM, MOD16rsp and TerraClimate) were considered to estimate the water balance in the Paraguaçu river watershed. The precipitation products were analyzed by means of statistical and physical analysis and the ETR products were evaluated according to the spatial distribution and magnitude of the values along the watershed. Finally, the assessment of the water balance was carried out considering the representativeness along the watershed. The results indicated that the variables (PPTTC and ETRTC), obtained from the TerraClimate database, showed better sensitivity to variations in the spatial distribution of each region, characterizing the orographic effect and the semi-arid climate, leading to the best performances and the best combination for the water balance (WBTC_TC). Therefore, WBTC_TC was the most representative variable of water circulation conditions in the watershed.
<p align="justify"><span lang="en-US">Short-to-medium range streamflow forecasting is essential for planning and operating hydropower plants (HPPs). The Brazilian National Interconnected System (SIN) is composed of more than 150 HPPs that are located over a wide range of climate and hydrological conditions. Forecasts of natural inflow into the SIN reservoirs are important to establish optimal operating rules to reduce costs with other energy sources, therefore influencing the prices in the energy market. The objective of this work is twofold: (i) evaluate the skill of ensemble streamflow forecasts for the SIN hydropower plants based on continental-scale hydrological modeling (MGB-SA) and medium-range ECWMF rainfall forecasts (MGB-ECMWF), and (ii) compare the MGB-ECMWF forecasts to those produced operationally by the Electric System National Operator (ONS). The MGB-ECMWF predictions were additionally bias-corrected and updated using quantile mapping and auto-regressive model approaches, and were assessed in the period from 2015 to 2020 in terms of weekly averages. The forecast skill was estimated relative to both streamflow climatology and persistency using the CRPS metric, while the comparison between MGB-ECMWF and operational forecasts was performed using deterministic metrics typically adopted by ONS. The skill of MGB-ECMWF forecasts was substantially improved (especially in the first week) by the use of output correction methods, which were demonstrated to be essential for quantitative streamflow forecasting using a continental-scale hydrological model. The relative performance between ONS and MGB-ECMWF forecasts was quite variable (exhibiting positive and negative values) over the geographical extent of the SIN, although in several locations the MGB-ECMWF forecasts have performed equal to or even better than those issued by ONS. Finally, the results presented here provide insights for investigations and applications of streamflow forecasts using continental-scale modeling and simple output correction techniques, which can bring benefits, for example, in the optimization of the reservoir operation and electricity generation.</span></p> <p align="justify"><span lang="en-US">Acknowledgments: This work presents part of the results obtained during the project granted by the Brazilian Agency of Electrical Energy (ANEEL) under its Research and Development program Project PD 6491-0503/2018 &#8211; &#8220;Previs&#227;o Hidroclim&#225;tica com Abrang&#234;ncia no Sistema Interligado Nacional de Energia El&#233;trica&#8221; developed by the Paran&#225; State electric company (COPEL GeT), the Meteorological System of Paran&#225; (SIMEPAR) and the RHAMA Consulting company. The Hydraulic Research Institute (IPH) from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) contribute to part of the project through an agreement with the RHAMA company (IAP-001313).</span></p>
Streamflow forecasts from continental to global scale hydrological models have gained attention, but their performance against operational forecasts at local to regional scales must be evaluated. This study assesses the skill of medium-range, weekly streamflow forecasts for 147 large Brazilian hydropower plants (HPPs) and compares their performance with forecasts issued operationally by the National Electric System Operator (ONS). A continental-scale hydrological model was forced with ECMWF medium-range forecasts, and outputs were corrected using quantile mapping (QM) and autoregressive model approaches. By using both corrections, the percentage of HPPs with skillful forecasts against climatology and persistence for 1–7 days ahead increased substantially for low to moderate (9% to 56%) and high (72% to 94%) flows, while using only the QM correction allowed positive skill mainly for low to moderate flows and for 8–15 days ahead (29% to 64%). Compared with the ONS, the corrected continental-scale forecasts issued for the first week exhibited equal or better performance in 60% of the HPPs, especially for the North and Southeast subsystems, the DJF and MAM months, and for HPPs with less installed capacity. The findings suggest that using simple corrections on streamflow forecasts issued by continental-scale models can result in competitive forecasts even for regional-scale applications.
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