The availability of real-time continuous speech recognition on mobile and embedded devices has opened up a wide range of research opportunities in human-computer interactive applications. Unfortunately, most of the work in this area to date has been confined to proprietary software, or has focused on limited domains with constrained grammars. In this paper, we present a preliminary case study on the porting and optimization of CMU SPHINX-II, a popular open source large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system, to hand-held devices. The resulting system operates in an average 0.87 times real-time on a 206MHz device, 8.03 times faster than the baseline system. To our knowledge, this is the first hand-held LVCSR system available under an open-source license.
We examined the role that N-linked glycans play in the synthesis and expression of von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Blocking the addition of N-linked glycans (NLGs) or inhibiting initial glycan processing prevented secretion of VWF. To determine whether specific glycosylation sites were important, the 16 VWF N-linked glycosylation sites were mutated followed by expression in HEK293T cells. Four NLG mutants affected VWF expression: N99Q (D1 domain), N857Q (D' domain), N2400Q (B1 domain), and N2790Q (CK domain) either abolished or reduced secretion of VWF and this was confirmed by metabolic labeling. Multimer analysis of mutant N2790Q cell lysate revealed an increase in VWF monomers, which was also observed when the isolated CK domain was expressed with N2790 mutated. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that mutants N99Q, N857Q, and N2790Q were primarily retained within the ER, producing only few pseudo Weibel-Palade bodies over longer time periods compared with wtVWF. All the variants also showed an increase in free thiol reactivity. This was greatest with N857Q and D4-C2 NLG mutants, which had approximately 6-fold and 3-to 4-fold more free thiol reactivity than wtVWF. These data provide further evidence of the critical role that individual N-linked glycans play in determining VWF synthesis and expression. (Blood. 2010;116(4):640-648) Introductionvon Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large multimeric plasma glycoprotein essential for normal hemostasis, acting firstly by supporting platelet adhesion to surfaces at sites of vascular injury and secondly as the carrier molecule for pro-coagulant Factor VIII (FVIII). 1,2 Synthesis of VWF is limited to megakaryocytes and endothelial cells. 3 The pre-pro-VWF molecule comprises a 22 amino acid signal peptide, a 741 amino acid propeptide, and a 2050 amino acid mature subunit. The pro-VWF monomer is composed of 4 types of domains (A-D) arranged as follows: NH 2 -D1-D2-D'-D3-A1-A2-A3-D4-B1-B2-B3-C1-C2-CK-COOH. 1 VWF multimers are formed by C-and N-terminal intermolecular disulphide bonds, 4,5 with the largest multimers exceeding 2 ϫ 10 4 kDa and having the greatest adhesive activity. 6 During synthesis, VWF undergoes extensive posttranslational modification resulting in the addition of 12 N-linked and 10 O-linked glycosylation sites per mature monomer. 7 Furthermore, the propeptide also contains 4 potential N-linked glycosylation sites although it is not known if these are used. In total, carbohydrate accounts for approximately 20% of the molecular weight of VWF. 8 N-linked glycosylation is one of the most common co/ posttranslational modifications. It is characterized by the addition of a carbohydrate moiety to the protein via a beta-glycosidic linkage between an N-acetylglucosamine residue and the ␦-amide of an asparagine residue in the sequence NXS/T (or in some cases NXC), 9 where X is any amino acid except proline. 10 This takes place after translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when the enzyme oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) transfers a preformed 14-saccharide core...
Summary Background High frequency oscillations are emerging as a clinically important indicator of epileptic networks. However, manual detection of these high frequency oscillations is difficult, time consuming, and subjective, especially in the scalp EEG, thus hindering further clinical exploration and application. Semi-automated detection methods augment manual detection by reducing inspection to a subset of time intervals. We propose a new method to detect high frequency oscillations that co-occur with interictal epileptiform discharges. New Method The new method proceeds in two steps. The first step identifies candidate time intervals during which high frequency activity is increased. The second step computes a set of seven features for each candidate interval. These features require that the candidate event contain a high frequency oscillation approximately sinusoidal in shape, with at least three cycles, that co-occurs with a large amplitude discharge. Candidate events that satisfy these features are stored for validation through visual analysis. Results We evaluate the detector performance in simulation and on ten examples of scalp EEG data, and show that the proposed method successfully detects spike-ripple events, with high positive predictive value, low false positive rate, and high intra-rater reliability. Comparison with Existing Method The proposed method is less sensitive than the existing method of visual inspection, but much faster and much more reliable. Conclusions Accurate and rapid detection of high frequency activity increases the clinical viability of this rhythmic biomarker of epilepsy. The proposed spike-ripple detector rapidly identifies candidate spike-ripple events, thus making clinical analysis of prolonged, multielectrode scalp EEG recordings tractable.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.