Background Mung bean is a short-duration and essential food crop owing to its cash prominence in Asia. Mung bean seeds are rich in protein, fiber, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. The NAC transcription factors (TFs) family is a large plant-specific family, participating in tissue development regulation and abiotic and biotic stresses. Results In this study, we perform genome-wide comparisons of VrNAC with their homologs from Arabidopsis. We identified 81 NAC transcription factors (TFs) in mung bean genome and named as per their chromosome location. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that VrNACs are broadly distributed in nine groups. Moreover, we identified 20 conserved motifs across the VrNACs highlighting their roles in different biological process. Based on the gene structure of the putative VrNAC and segmental duplication events might be playing a vital role in the expansion of mung bean genome. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of mung bean NAC together with homologs from Arabidopsis allowed us to classify NAC genes into 13 groups, each containing several orthologs and paralogs. Gene ontology (GO) analysis categorized the VrNACs into biological process, cellular components and molecular functions, explaining the functions in different plant physiology processes. A gene co-expression network analysis identified 173 genes involved in the transcriptional network of putative VrNAC genes. We also investigated how miRNAs potentially target VrNACs and shape their interactions with proteins. VrNAC1.4 (Vradi01g03390.1) was targeted by the Vra-miR165 family, including 9 miRNAs. Vra-miR165 contributes to leaf development and drought tolerance. We also performed qRT-PCR on 22 randomly selected VrNAC genes to assess their expression patterns in the NM-98 genotype, widely known for being tolerant to drought and bacterial leaf spot disease. Conclusions This genome-wide investigation of VrNACs provides a unique resource for further detailed investigations aimed at predicting orthologs functions and what role the play under abiotic and biotic stress, with the ultimate aim to improve mung bean production under diverse environmental conditions.

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This case study signifies the diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in a buck of discrete breed on the basis of clinical signs and hematology. Case presented to department of Clinics Medicine and Surgery (CMS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan with chief complains of anorexia, watery diarrhea, ocular discharge and muco-purulent nasal discharge from last 4 days. Clinical examination revealed high fever, increase respiration, pulse rate and capillary refill time. Blood oozing lesions on gums and swollen lymph nodes were seen. Lymphopenia based on complete blood count (CBC) provided another clue to diagnose the disease as PPR on clinical basis. Treatment was done symptomatically for 7 days with amoxicillin, lactated ringer and somogel. Along with, a multivitamin powder was also advised to add in the feed to tone up the animal. Animal recovered completely on 10 th day after visit. All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers

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In the realm of interconnected digital world, social ranking systems are readily used in different sections of society, for several reasons. The private and public sectors both are making use of social ranking systems as a tool to engineer human behavior, and crafting a digitally stimulated social control. Online reviews and ratings are one of the significant marketing strategies of online sellers to steer out consumers' opinion and ultimately their purchasing decisions. Buyers usually go through these reviews and ratings while purchasing online product or hiring online services. Online consumer reviews, recommendations for product and services, and peer viewpoints play a significant role in the customer's opinion formation. Different online forums of product reviews, ratings and recommendations differ in their objectives, functions, and characteristics. This paper focuses upon a systematic literature review and comparative study of the influence the positive and negative reviews and ratings of the products, automobile services, movies, restaurants, products and services on OLX & eBay, etc. have on opinion formation. Moreover, how these reviews influence others opinions of buying and using the products, services and apps will be analyzed.