This study examined how undergraduate students (N = 153, M age = 19.3 years, 58.8% female) in an Introductory Psychology course experienced the transition to fully online instruction during the COVID-19 outbreak in New York City during spring 2020. We examined predictors of online submission of assignments throughout the semester and students' attitudes toward online learning at the end of the semester. Students tended to report the transition to remote instruction as disruptive to their learning. Students with more positive attitudes toward unmitigated in-class use of personal technologies at the start of the semester reported higher rates of digital multitasking while working from home and more negative attitudes about the course transition. Underrepresented minority (URM) students held more negative attitudes about the transition, while gender and URM status were associated with variation in students' submission of online assignments at specific times. Responses to an end-of-semester question about challenges faced while learning online suggested that students experienced multiple challenges, especially staying motivated and focused and maintaining adequate access to the internet and internet-enabled devices. Students' self-efficacy for learning online predicted numbers of assignments submitted. Students in a larger section submitted fewer assignments and had lower exam grades than those in a smaller section. Few other factors explained variation in assignment submissions or exam grades. The findings elucidate differences in how students experienced the abrupt transition to remote instruction, thus informing efforts toward more equitable access to education in the midst of an ongoing crisis.

This study investigated factors contributing to Introductory Psychology students' success in remote online learning during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Building on the composite persistence model, we used learning outcomes assessment data to examine student characteristics (demographics), skills, and internal and external factors as predictors of performance of diverse students (N = 1,270) enrolled at an open-enrollment, Hispanicserving institution in Fall 2020. In keeping with prepandemic national trends, Hispanic/ Latinx and Black/African American students performed worse across outcomes (pass/fail, homework submission, quiz scores, and test grades), as did males on most outcomes. Reading comprehension skill predicted all outcomes over and above student characteristics. For internal factors, greater perceived difficulty of transitioning to online learning adversely impacted most outcomes. Self-reported digital multitasking was unrelated to outcomes; only 25% of students identified difficulties with attention and motivation as a learning challenge. For external factors, the use of handheld devices to complete homework was associated with worse outcomes. About half (49%) identified digital access as a challenge, though identifying this challenge was unrelated to outcomes. Additionally, students in larger sections (≥119 students) performed worse. Students who noted specific challenges (e.g., digital access, disruptive environments) at the start of the semester tended to be from demographic groups (e.g., females) with better outcomes. Cumulatively, these factors accounted for only 10.4%-16.5% of variance in course outcomes, suggesting that other factors beyond the present study's scope (e.g., student, family, and community mental and physical health) may have also impacted learning during the pandemic.

People's mental models of the Internet tend to focus on the functional affordances of Internet-enabled devices. Given that today's adolescents and young adults (Generation Z) have grown up surrounded by the Internet, we examined the extent to which the Internet's ubiquity was salient in their mental models of it. Middleschool students (Study 1, N = 78, Mage = 13 years, Range 11-15) drew pictures and explained what the Internet looked like. Responses were coded for indicators of four facets of the Internet: technical components, functions, attributes, and feelings. The adolescents mostly described components as user hardware (i.e., Internet-enabled devices) and functions as information access or storage, socializing via social media, and communicating with others. About half described the Internet as "everywhere," suggesting awareness of the Internet's ubiquity, though few mentioned Internetenabled household objects. Students rarely described it as "connective" (i.e., a network) or mentioned negative feelings about the Internet (i.e., online antisocial behavior). In Study 2, college students' (N = 109, Mage = 19 years, Range 18-22) mental models mostly aligned with the adolescents, emphasizing Internet-based functions and devices. However, the young adults more often cited negative feelings, including Internet addiction. Across studies, mental models mostly did not differ by age, gender, self-reported grades, or social media use. Students' awareness of the Internet's ubiquity may offer a starting point for fostering understanding of how users' data are collected and used and associated privacy and security risks.

Concerns about student persistence in online college courses have increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined factors associated with self-selection into asynchronous versus synchronous online course sections and effects of course format, self-efficacy, and self-regulatory behaviors on course withdrawal rates and final grades in Introductory Psychology. We assessed learning outcomes of students (N = 563, Mean age = 20.3 years) enrolled in Introductory Psychology at a nonselective, minority-serving institution in Spring 2021. Half of the sections were fully asynchronous; half met synchronously via Zoom. Students enrolled in asynchronous sections were more often first semester students; asynchronous students were less likely to access the online textbook or check Blackboard settings before submitting their first assignment. While students enrolled in synchronous sections more often reported challenges sustaining attention and motivation, students enrolled in asynchronous sections more often reported difficulties managing coursework and work obligations. Controlling for demographic factors, students in asynchronous sections had a higher risk of withdrawing, as did students with lower self-efficacy and those reporting family obligations. For students completing the course, final grades were associated with accessing the textbook, reading comprehension, and demographics, but not with course format or self-efficacy. These findings provide insight into factors that predict enrollment in online course formats and subsequent associations with learning outcomes.

This study examined putative benefits of testing and production for learning new languages. Undergraduates (N = 156) were exposed to Turkish spoken dialogues under varying learning conditions (retrieval practice, comprehension, verbal repetition) in a computer‐assisted language learning session. Participants completed pre‐ and posttests of number‐ and case‐marking comprehension, a vocabulary test, and an explicit awareness questionnaire. Controlling for nonverbal ability and pretest scores, the retrieval‐practice group performed highest overall. For number/case marking, the comprehension and retrieval‐practice groups outperformed the verbal‐repetition group, suggesting benefits of either recognition‐ or recall‐based testing. For vocabulary, the verbal‐repetition and retrieval‐practice groups outperformed the comprehension group, indicating benefits of overt production. Case marking was easier to learn than number marking, suggesting advantages for learning word‐final inflections. Explicit awareness correlated with comprehension accuracy, yet some participants demonstrated above‐chance comprehension without showing awareness. Findings indicate the value of incorporating both practice tests and overt production in language pedagogy.

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