This study aimed to examine secular trends in 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption and trends in nutrient adequacy in children 2-18 years participating in the 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake. Ten deciles of OJ consumption were determined based on intakes with non-consumers in the first decile. Nutrient adequacy was determined using the percentage below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or the Adequate Intake (AI) percentage. Linear regression coefficients for changes in intake over time and across deciles of OJ were generated. Approximately 14% of the total sample consumed OJ with a mean intake of 40.0 g/d (77 KJ [0.9% of total energy intake]). Amounts of all 100% fruit juices consumed decreased by 44%, and whole fruit intake increased by approximately 32% from 2003-2016. Consumption of total energy, total carbohydrates, added sugars, and saturated fatty acids decreased. Intakes of folate, riboflavin, zinc, and vitamin C decreased from 2003-2016. The percentage of children below the EAR increased for vitamin C and zinc and decreased for vitamin A from 2003-2016. Percent of children above the AI increased for fiber. Across the deciles of OJ consumption, the percent of children with an inadequate vitamin D intake, calcium, iron, and phosphorus decreased. OJ and other 100% juices were major food sources of many nutrients consumed at levels below recommendations. One strategy to reduce inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorus, and potassium intake is to maintain or increase the consumption of OJ and other 100% juices.
Many pharmaceuticals are considered recalcitrant pollutants and represent a problem for human and animal health due to continuous contribution in the aquatic environment and the bacteria resistance development to antibiotics. Vancomycin is one of the most antibiotics administered in medicine, nevertheless, there is not much knowledge about the presence, fate and the effects of Vancomycin in the environment. The advanced oxidation techniques (AOTs) are shown as alternatives for the treatment of water and wastewater in order to degrade pollutants and contaminants. Therefore, this work is aimed to evaluate the Vancomycin degradation in an aqueous medium using electrooxidation (EO) technique and to optimize the reaction conditions. The experiments were conducted in a homemade electrochemical cell in acrylic with a working volume of 500 cm 3 ; DSA electrodes -Dimensionally Stable Anodes (70TiO 2 -30RuO 2 ) were used (effective area of work -41.25 cm 2 ); NaCl P.A. was used as supporting electrolyte; 130 mg L -1 of Vancomycin was used in aqueous solution. The optimization was done using central composite design (CCD) totaling 18 experiments. The evaluated factors were: interelectrodes distance (ID), applied current and supporting electrolyte concentration. All experiments were conducted for 20 minutes with sampling at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 20 minutes.
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