The examination of upper echelon theory is extended to emerging markets and its impact on the export intensity of a firm is analyzed. Based on the study conducted in India, it is investigated if top management team characteristics influences the firm's export intensity. Five characteristics of top management team viz. Educational level, functional heterogeneity, international exposure, age and total tenure in current firm are investigated. Time period of study under consideration ranges from 2008-2011 and fast Moving Consumer Goods, automobile, pharmaceutical and textile industries are analyzed. Evidence is received in support of most of hypotheses. It is found that tenure had curvilinear relationship and international experience had a quasi moderating impact on top management's age and performance relationship. These results differ from those of developed markets
Consumers are increasingly reading online reviews before making any purchasing decisions. The significance of online reviews has only grown over the years. Though in the past, scholars have emphasized the impact of quantitative factors (e.g., review ratings) on online reviews, only recently have they begun to explore the role of qualitative aspects of online reviews. Content readability and associated sentiments in text provide two important qualitative cues that influence the helpfulness of online reviews. However, the extant literature has overemphasized the linear association between these aspects and the helpfulness of reviews. Using the elaboration likelihood model and the classic ideal point concept, the current work asserts that after an ideal point is attained, lucid and sentimental reviews diminish in utility (i.e., helpfulness of an online review for consumers decreases). This may happen because consumers are wary of fraudulent reviews. This study proposes that if experienced reviewers give such extreme reviews, then consumers might still draw utility from these reviews. In other words, this study explains the moderating role of reviewer experience, which heuristically influences consumers’ trust of online reviews, thus making even too simplistic or extremely sentimental reviews helpful.
Purpose: To explore how institutional trust, frugality, and materialism motivates consumers unethical behavior. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted the study in two phases-qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative phase through a content analysis of semi-structured interviews, a list of unethical activities was obtained. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was developed, which had questions related to the unethical activities. Data collection for the quantitative phase was achieved through mall intercept surveys. The collected data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and multivariate regression analysis.Findings: Poor institutional environment, frugal attitude and materialistic values motivate consumers from an emerging economy to indulge in unethical acts some of which were not explored before such as booking a cab but not boarding or stealing electricity. Originality/value: Research evidence on unethical consumer behavior is lacking from emerging markets. Furthermore, extant studies have used mainly national culture models to explore unethical behavior and lastly, the role of institutional trust and frugality has not been explored in previous studies. The present study tries to fill these gaps by considering these elements as the cornerstone of our study.
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