A fractal patch antenna is designed and fabricated on FR4-epoxy substrate for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Minkowski fractal has been used in the design of radiating element of antenna and slots are incorporated in the partial ground structure. The proposed antenna is miniaturized by 65% in terms of resonating frequency using Minkowski ftactal. The proposed structure of antenna has an overall size of 60× 40 ×1.6 mm3. The antenna resonates at 1.223, 1.58, 2.69, and at 3.54 GHz. It exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 0.11 (1.16-1.27) GHz, 0.23 (1.47-1.70) GHz, and 4.5 (1.99-6.49) GHz. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 3.4 dBi. The key benefits of the proposed antenna are: simple structure, improved performance characteristics, and its usefulness for applications such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Radar Altimeter, Public Safety Applications, and 5G communications in sub-6 GHz band. The simulated results of the proposed fractal antenna have been verified experimentally. The results are highly convincing.
Aircraft wings undergo forces like thrust, drag as well as transient loads due to gust. Even though these loads overall help in the stability of an aircraft but over time it can cause growth of defects such as micro cracks or voids due to fatigue. We would like to investigate the fatigue, fracture failure due to wind load during its long operating life of the airplane. Therefore, we have modeled the airplane wing as cantilever beam and applied fluctuating wind load. The airplane wing with embedded crack was modeled in commercial finite element analysis tool, ANSYS. The drag and lift forces acting as pressure on the adjacent faces of the wing with a transient wind load has been simulated to determine the loads on an aero foil working under similar conditions through CFD analysis. The load estimated through the CFD analysis was applied on the wing model to obtain the stress intensity factor and energy release rate. Analysis for fatigue failure was also carried out to predict life of the idealized model under considered loading. The results obtained through this work can be helpful in understanding the fatigue behavior in the transient loading condition such as wind in airplane wing.
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