Today the computer technology and computer network technology has developed so much and is still developing with pace.Thus, the amount of data in the information industry is getting higher day by day. This large amount of data can be helpful for analyzing and extracting useful knowledge from it. The hidden patterns of data are analyzed and then categorized into useful knowledge. This process is known as Data Mining. [4].Among the various data mining techniques, Decision Tree is also the popular one. Decision tree uses divide and conquer technique for the basic learning strategy. A decision tree is a flow chart-like structure in which each internal node represents a "test" on an attribute where each branch represents the outcome of the test and each leaf node represents a class label. This paper discusses various algorithms of the decision tree (ID3, C4.5, CART), their features, advantages, and disadvantages.

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A variety of observational campaigns seek to test dark-matter models by measuring dark-matter subhaloes at low masses. Despite their predicted lack of stars, these subhaloes may be detectable through gravitational lensing or via their gravitational perturbations on stellar streams. To set measurable expectations for subhalo populations within ΛCDM, we examine 11 Milky Way (MW)-mass haloes from the FIRE-2 baryonic simulations, quantifying the counts and orbital fluxes for subhaloes with properties relevant to stellar stream interactions: masses down to 106 M⊙, distances ≲ 50 kpc of the galactic center, across z = 0 − 1 (tlookback = 0 − 8 Gyr). We provide fits to our results and their dependence on subhalo mass, distance, and lookback time, for use in (semi)analytic models. A typical MW-mass halo contains ≈16 subhaloes >107 M⊙ (≈1 subhalo >108 M⊙) within 50 kpc at z ≈ 0. We compare our results with dark-matter-only versions of the same simulations: because they lack a central galaxy potential, they overpredict subhalo counts by 2 − 10 ×, more so at smaller distances. Subhalo counts around a given MW-mass galaxy declined over time, being ≈10 × higher at z = 1 than at z ≈ 0. Subhaloes have nearly isotropic orbital velocity distributions at z ≈ 0. Across our simulations, we also identified 4 analogs of Large Magellanic Cloud satellite passages; these analogs enhance subhalo counts by 1.4 − 2.1 times, significantly increasing the expected subhalo population around the MW today. Our results imply an interaction rate of ∼5 per Gyr for a stream like GD-1, sufficient to make subhalo-stream interactions a promising method of measuring dark subhaloes.

Non-secretory multiple myeloma (NSMM) is a hematological malignancy that presents as a unique clinical form of multiple myeloma with proliferation of plasmacytic cells that cannot secrete or synthesize immunoglobulins. Its prevalence as a hematologic malignancy in adults is low. Our article describes a case of a 68-year-old lady presenting with diffuse scattered lytic lesions throughout the axial and visualized appendicular skeleton without lymph node involvement. She was treated with chemotherapy with a good clinical response. We will present a case report to showcase the differences in pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management compared to secretory multiple myeloma.

Background: Atherosclerosis is the major etiopathogenic factor that decides cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. While inflammation is the putative mechanism for atherosclerosis in various experimental studies, chronic inflammatory state (e.g. in rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) is often neglected as a contributing factor for the development of atherosclerosis. RA patients have two to four times more risk of fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events, which is not explained by traditional risk factors alone. For example, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels may not convey the true atherosclerotic risk in RA patients -"the lipid paradox". Thus, for better risk stratification of future cardiovascular events in RA, the traditional parameters like diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia may not suffice. Newer parameters like carotid intimal-medial thickness (CIMT), coronary calcification scores, and C-reactive protein (CRP) may be needed. This study determined subclinical atherosclerotic load in groups of RA and non-RA patients with comparable Framingham risk scores using CIMT values.Materials and methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, the RA study group had 64 patients with RA (disease duration > 1 year) and 64 controls were patients with at least one traditional risk factor of cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypertension, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus). They were all analyzed for CIMT. The aim was to compare if there was a difference in CIMT scores between groups of RA and non-RA patients, with comparable Framingham score cardiovascular risk categories. Results: CIMT was significantly higher in the study population compared to controls, indicating increased subclinical atherosclerotic load in the former. Mean CIMT was higher in all age groups in RA patients when compared to the control population (statistically significant in age groups 40-49 years 0.66 ± 0.07 mm vs 0.64 ± 0.06 mm, P < 0.026 and 50-59 years 0.8 ± 0.05 mm vs 0.76 ± 0.05 mm, P < 0.047). CIMT was significantly higher in the intermediate-risk groups (based on the Framingham risk score) in the RA study population when compared with the same risk categories of the control population. Atherogenic indices such as LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, atherogenic index, and CIMT were significantly higher in the RA patients with more than five years of disease duration than those with a duration of fewer than five years.Conclusion: Subclinical atherosclerotic load is higher in RA versus controls. The mean CIMT was higher in all age groups in RA compared to the controls. CIMT was significantly higher in the intermediate-risk subgroup (by Framingham risk score) when compared between RA and controls. RA subgroup comparisons based on seropositivity/seronegativity, high/normal CRP, and disease activity (low, intermediate, and high) for CIMT were not found to have statistically significant differences. RA group had lower HDL cholesterol and comparable LDL cholesterol values compared to controls.

The optical response of metals is often dominated by plasmonic resonances -the collective oscillations of an interacting electron liquid. Here we unveil a new class of plasmons that arise in a wide range of parity violating magnetic metals. In these materials, broken time reversal and parity symmetries work together with electron-electron interactions to produce intrinsically non-reciprocal bulk plasmons wherein the frequencies of forward and backward moving modes are split. Strikingly, when interactions are strong we find plasmonic non-reciprocity is dominated by the quantum metric dipole that characterizes the real-space profile of Bloch electron wavepackets; in this regime, the quantum metric dipole can give rise to strongly non-reciprocal collective dynamics even when the electronic group velocity is only weakly asymmetric. We anticipate these intrinsic non-reciprocal bulk plasmons can be realized in a wide range of parity violating magnets including twisted bilayer graphene heterostructures where quantum geometric quantities can achieve large values.