This paper presents modulo unrolling without unrolling (modulo unrolling WU), a method for message aggregation for parallel loops in message passing programs that use affine array accesses in Chapel, a Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) parallel programming language. Messages incur a non-trivial run time overhead, a significant component of which is independent of the size of the message. Therefore, aggregating messages improves performance. Our optimization for message aggregation is based on a technique known as modulo unrolling, pioneered by Barua [3], whose purpose was to ensure a statically predictable single tile number for each memory reference for tiled architectures, such as the MIT Raw Machine [18]. Modulo unrolling WU applies to data that is distributed in a cyclic or block-cyclic manner. In this paper, we adapt the aforementioned modulo unrolling technique to the difficult problem of efficiently compiling PGAS languages to message passing architectures. When applied to loops and data distributed cyclically or blockcyclically, modulo unrolling WU can decide when to aggregate messages thereby reducing the overall message count and runtime for a particular loop. Compared to other methods, modulo unrolling WU greatly simplifies the complex problem of automatic code generation of message passing code. It also results in substantial performance improvement compared to the non-optimized Chapel compiler.To implement this optimization in Chapel, we modify the leader and follower iterators in the Cyclic and Block Cyclic data distribution modules. Results were collected that compare the performance of Chapel programs optimized with modulo unrolling WU and Chapel programs using the existing Chapel data distributions. Data collected on a tenlocale cluster show that on average, modulo unrolling WU used with Chapel's Cyclic distribution results in 64 percent fewer messages and a 36 percent decrease in runtime for our suite of benchmarks. Similarly, modulo unrolling WU used with Chapel's Block Cyclic distribution results in 72 percent fewer messages and a 53 percent decrease in runtime.
India's export sector has considerably improved since 1991 economic and trade reforms. It has gained momentum after the signing of various trade agreements with several countries. India and Australia started free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations over a decade ago in 2011 and finally concluded a landmark Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) on 2nd April 2022. This study examines India's trade relations with Australia using the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index and trade intensity index (TII) for exports and imports, to determine the patterns of exports and areas of specialisation of the two countries. The findings suggest that the bilateral trade between India and Australia has not strengthened. However, India enjoys a comparative advantage in several product groups, which fall into the category of primary goods, low-technology manufacturers, and manufactured goods as well. Overall, the RCA is much higher for India's exports than that for Australia's exports to India. The study finds that India has trade potential in several product groups with Australia and efforts should be made to bring greater benefits from the trade agreement for both countries in the years to come.
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of an online diet‐tracking tool on college students’ self‐efficacy, specifically pertaining to their fruit and vegetable intake. A convenience sample of students was recruited and administered a self‐efficacy survey online before and after an 8 week intervention in which participants were asked to track their dietary intake online. Participants were assigned to a control group and 2 experimental groups. Experimental group 1 (n=41) had access to the website to track their intake without reminder emails and experimental group 2 (n=48) had access to the website with weekly reminder emails. A control group (n=62) was not given access to the intervention website. Within the control group, it was found that there was a significant decrease in the self‐efficacy of females (p= 0.020), but not for males (p= 0.069) However, within both experimental groups, the difference in pre‐ and post‐test self‐efficacy scores for females was not significant (p= 0.512). While the intervention did not show a general increase in participants’ self‐efficacy, it can be correlated with an increase in female self‐efficacy scores from a negative change to no change; therefore attenuating some of the observed sex differences.Research was supported by the Gemstone Program at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD
The government of India in the year 1999 established a sanitation program "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" (NBA), also known as the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) to create awareness among the rural population regarding the importance of sanitation. In contemporary status, the scheme Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) has been Disestablished and renovated with the new scheme "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" under the Clean India Mission on 2nd October 2014 to make India open defecation free by 2019. The objectives of the study are first to study the implementation of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in the rural & urban poor HHs. Secondly, to compare the implementation of the scheme between rural & urban poor HHs. Finally, to evaluate critically the implementation of the scheme. The hypothesis of the present study is that there is no significant difference in the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan between the rural & urban poor HHs. The hypothesis has been tested using an independent sample t-test and the result shows that there has been a significant difference in the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan between the rural & urban poor HHs, which has been revealed by the data that the beneficiaries of the scheme in the rural area are just 28 percent, while 90 percent in the urban area. This shows a clear picture of the difference in the implementation of the scheme between the rural & urban HHs.
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