Background In 2010, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) replaced 7-valent PCV (PCV7) for protection against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). This study used laboratory surveillance data to examine the effect of PCV13 on IPD before and after PCV13 introduction among children aged 6 weeks to <6 years and those aged ≥6 weeks. Methods Observational laboratory-based IPD surveillance data were compared for the periods May 2010–April 2018 and May 2008–April 2010 (the PCV7 period) using a database of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members with laboratory-confirmed IPD. Results Among children aged 6 weeks to 6 years, overall IPD incidence decreased from 11.57 per 100 000 during the PCV7 period to 4.09 per 100 000 after PCV13 introduction; PCV13-type IPD incidence decreased from 5.12 to 0.84 per 100 000. Non-PCV13−serotype IPD did not change significantly in this age group (PCV7 period, 1.71 per 100 000 and after PCV13, 2.52 per 100 000). Of cases occurring in this group, bacteremia was the most common clinical diagnosis. Across all ages, IPD decreased from 9.49 to 6.23 per 100 000 and PCV13-type IPD decreased from 4.67 to 1.89 per 100 000, changes being mostly due to decreases in serotypes 19A and 7F. IPD caused by non-PCV13 serotypes did not change (3.34 and 3.35 per 100 000). Overall, pneumococci isolated after PCV13 introduction had increased susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone. This prospective, laboratory-based surveillance study in Kaiser Permanente Northern California members examined annual IPD incidence before and after PCV13 introduction. In children aged 6 weeks to <6 years, IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes decreased significantly (84%) during the surveillance period. Conclusions IPD incidence decreased further in every age group after PCV13 introduction, suggesting both direct vaccination effects in the infant population and indirect effects in adults. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01128439.
It is unclear whether HIV-infected individuals remain at higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. We conducted a cohort study of HIV-infected and demographically matched HIV-uninfected adults within Kaiser Permanente Northern California during the period 1996-2011. We used Poisson models to obtain rate ratios (RRs) for incident IPD associated with HIV infection and other risk factors. Among 13,079 HIV-infected and 137,643 HIV-uninfected adults, the IPD rate per 100,000 person-years was 160 (n = 109 events) for HIV-infected and 8 (n = 75 events) for HIV-uninfected subjects, with an adjusted RR of 13.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.1-18.7]. For HIV-infected individuals, IPD incidence per 100,000 person-years decreased by 71% during study follow-up, from 305 in 1996-1999 to 88 in 2010-2011 (p < 0.001), with an adjusted RR of 6.6 (95% CI: 2.7-16.1) compared with HIV-uninfected subjects in 2010-2011. Risk factors for IPD among HIV-infected individuals included black compared with white race/ethnicity, smoking, cancer, and higher HIV RNA levels. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination was not associated with a reduced risk of IPD in HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected individuals. Among HIV-infected IPD cases, the most common serotype was 19A (33%), and 59% of serotypes were covered by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Despite a dramatic decline in IPD incidence for HIV-infected adults since 1996, IPD rates were nearly sevenfold higher compared with HIV-uninfected adults in recent years, even after adjustment for risk factors. Timely antiretroviral therapy initiation, risk reduction strategies, and recent guidelines recommending PCV13 use may further reduce IPD incidence among HIV patients.
BackgroundRoutine use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been recommended for infants since early 2010 and for adults ≥65 years since 2014 when KPNC began routine use of PCV13 in adults. PCV13 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has been demonstrated; however, recent surveillance data have been interpreted as showing limited population-level impact of PCV13 on serotype 3 IPD. We estimated PCV13 VE against IPD due to vaccine serotypes at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC).MethodsThe study period spanned September 2014 through September 2018. The cohort included KPNC members who were aged ≥65 years with no record of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) receipt before age 65 years. We compared IPD cases with KPNC members who were the same age on the date of the positive pneumococcal culture using conditional logistic regression, conditioned on age and date, and controlled for sex, race, KPNC service area and membership history, prior season influenza vaccine receipt, PPV23 receipt after age 65 years, risk factors for IPD, and healthcare utilization.ResultsFrom September 2014 to September 2018, PCV13 vaccine coverage among persons ≥65 years old increased from < 1% to 77%. During the same period, there was a total of 245 IPD cases. For a variety of reasons, we did not have serotype results for 57 (23%) IPD cases, which were excluded from the analysis. There were 61 (25%) PCV13-type IPD cases included in the analysis, of which 33 (14%) were serotype 3. PCV13 VE against PCV13-type serotypes was 68.0% (95% CI: 37.7%, 83.6%; P-value < 0.01), and 53.4% (95% CI: −10.0%, 80.3%; P = 0.08) against serotype 3.ConclusionDuring the first 4 years of PCV13 vaccination implementation in adults ≥65 years of age at KPNC, PCV13 provided significant protection against PCV13-type IPD. Further surveillance will allow for more precise estimation of PCV13 VE on overall and serotype 3 IPD over time.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Retrospective study of the use of an influenza disease two-tiered classification system to characterize clinical severity in US children, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics,
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