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A combination of gamma measurements and multivariate calibration was applied to estimate multiphase flow mixture density and to identify flow regime. The experiments were conducted using recombined hydrocarbon fluids sampled from an onshore receiving terminal including hydrate thermodynamic inhibitors (monoethylene glycol and methanol (MeOH)). These hydrate inhibitors were added to deionised water at 60% concentration by volume. The experiments were conducted at a temperature of 0 C and a 75-bar pressure, comparable with deep water production on the Norwegian continental shelf. Two angles of inclination (1 and 5 ) and two water cuts (15% and 85%) were investigated. A single-energy gamma densitometer was installed on the test facility for measuring the mixture density, whereas the dual-energy gamma densitometer was traversed linearly from the bottom to the top of the pipe for multivariate calibration and prediction. Seventy partial least square prediction models were calibrated based on single-phase experimental data. These models were used in estimating the mixture density and identifying the flow regime in all the experiments. The estimated mixture densities were accurate as compared with those from the single-energy gamma densitometer with the root mean square error of prediction of 13.6 and 9.7 kg/m 3 for 1 angle of inclination and 17 and 26.6 kg/m 3 for 5 pipe inclination. The models were also able to identify the flow regimes investigated for both 1 and 5 angles of inclination.

In this paper, results are presented from an experimental comparison between a light hydrocarbon system from the North Sea and a model oil system in pipe flow. The experiments were carried out in order to compare similar fluid systems (density, viscosity, oil-water interfacial tension) with respect to pressure drop and flow pattern for horizontal flow. The results show significant deviations with respect to pressure drop and flow patterns for two and three-phase flow. This may contribute to the explanation of the discrepancies often revealed between multiphase models and measurements on multiphase flowlines in the oil and gas industry.

SummaryIt can be stated that the polymerization rate of safflower oil is sufficiently rapid to warrant its use on a commercial scale. Furthermore, with the proper choice of polymerization temperature, safflower can be bodied at the same rate as linseed. The increasing rate at which safflower bodies in the high viscosity ranges invites further investigation. In these higher viscosity ranges the iodine value continues to drop whereas in the same range the iodine numbers of other oils show a tendency to approach an asymptotic value.Safflower heat bleaches considerably better than linseed and is also equal to or better than soya in this respect.