Fluorescent dyes are applied in various fields of research, including solar cells and light-emitting devices,and as reporters for assays and bioimaging studies.F luorescent dyes with an added high dipole moment pave the way to nonlinear optics and polarity sensitivity.Redox activity makes it possible to switch the moleculesp hotophysical properties.D iaminodicyanoquinone derivatives possess high dipole moments,y et only low fluorescence quantum yields,and have therefore been neglected as fluorescent dyes.H ere we investigate the fluorescence properties of diaminodicyanoquinones using acombined theoretical and experimental approach and derive molecules with af luorescence quantum yield exceeding 90 %. The diaminodicyanoquinone core moiety provides chemical versatility and can be integrated into novel molecular architectures with unique photophysical features.
Organic fluorophores, particularly stimuli-responsive molecules, are very interesting for biological and material sciences applications,b ut frequentlyl imited by aggregation-a nd rotation-caused photoluminescence quenching. As eries of easily accessible bipyridinium fluorophores, whose emission is quenched by at wisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) mechanism,i sr eported. Encapsulationi nacucurbit[7]urilh ost gave a1 :1 complex exhibiting am oderate emissioni ncreased ue to destabilization of the TICT state inside the apolar cucurbituril cavity.Amuch stronger fluorescence enhancement is observed in 2:2c omplexes with the larger cucurbit[8]uril, which is caused by additional conformational restriction of rotations around the aryl/aryl bonds. Because the cucurbituril complexes are pH switchable, this system represents an efficient supramolecular ON/OFF fluorescence switch.
The rational design of next generation molecular and nanoscale reporters and the comparison of different emitter classes require the determination of the fluorometric key performance parameter fluorescence quantum yield (Φf), i.e., the number of emitted photons per number of absorbed photons. Main prerequisites for reliable Φf measurements, which are for transparent luminophore solutions commonly done relative to a reference, i.e., a fluorescence quantum yield standard of known Φf, are reliable and validated instrument calibration procedures to consider wavelength-, polarization-, and time-dependent instrument specific signal contributions, and sufficiently well characterized fluorescence quantum yield standards. As the standard’s Φf value directly contributes to the calculation of the sample’s Φf, its accuracy presents one of the main sources of uncertainty of relative Φf measurements. To close this gap, we developed a first set of 12 fluorescence quantum yield standards, which absorb and emit in the wavelength region of 330–1000 nm and absolutely determined their Φf values with two independently calibrated integrating sphere setups. Criteria for standard selection and the configuration of these novel fluorescence reference materials are given, and the certification procedure is presented including homogeneity and stability studies and the calculation of complete uncertainty budgets for the certified Φf values. The ultimate goal is to provide the community of fluorescence users with available reference materials as a basis for an improved comparability and reliability of quantum yield data since the measurement of this spectroscopic key property is an essential part of the characterization of any new emitter.
Um Fluoreszenzspektren oder ‐bilder aus verschiedenen Geräten zu vergleichen, sind gerätespezifische Einflüsse zu korrigieren. Werkzeuge dafür sind Fluoreszenzstandards, die je nach Messtechnik als Lösungen oder als Feststoff in verschiedenen Formaten vorliegen können.
Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe werden in verschiedenen Forschungsbereichen eingesetzt, darunter Solarzellen, lichtemittierende Dioden, Reporter fürA ssays oder Bioimaging-Studien. Ein zusätzliches hohes Dipolmoment ebnet den Weg zu nichtlinearer Optik und Polaritätsempfindlichkeit. Die Redoxaktivitäte rmçglicht es zudem, photophysikalische Eigenschaften der Moleküle zu verändern. Diaminodicyanochinon-Derivate besitzen hohe Dipolmomente,a ber nur geringe Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten und galten daher bislang nicht als Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe.Wir untersuchen in dieser Arbeit die Fluoreszenzeigenschaften von Diaminodicyanochinonen mit einem kombiniert theoretisch-experimentellen Ansatz und leiten Moleküle mit einer Fluoreszenz-Quantenausbeute von über 90 %a b. Die Diaminodicyanochinon-Einheit bietet chemische Vielseitigkeit und kann in neuartige molekulare Architekturen mit einzigartigen photophysikalischen Eigenschaften integriert werden.
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