Aim The goal of this European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) guideline project is to give an overview of the existing evidence on the management of diverticular disease, primarily as a guidance to surgeons. Methods The guideline was developed during several working phases including three voting rounds and one consensus meeting. The two project leads (JKS and EA) appointed by the ESCP guideline committee together with one member of the guideline committee (WB) agreed on the methodology, decided on six themes for working groups (WGs) and drafted a list of research questions. Senior WG members, mostly colorectal surgeons within the ESCP, were invited based on publication records and geographical aspects. Other specialties were included in the WGs where relevant. In addition, one trainee or PhD fellow was invited in each WG. All six WGs revised the research questions if necessary, did a literature search, created evidence tables where feasible, and drafted supporting text to each research question and statement. The text and statement proposals from each WG were arranged as one document by the first and last authors before online voting by all authors in two rounds. For the second voting ESCP national representatives were also invited. More than 90% agreement was considered a consensus. The final phrasing of the statements with < 90% agreement was discussed in a consensus meeting at the ESCP annual meeting in Vienna in September 2019. Thereafter, the first and the last author drafted the final text of the guideline and circulated it for final approval and for a third and final online voting of rephrased statements. Results This guideline contains 38 evidence based consensus statements on the management of diverticular disease. Conclusion This international, multidisciplinary guideline provides an up to date summary of the current knowledge of the management of diverticular disease as a guidance for clinicians and patients.
Previous results of low complication rates with the non-antibiotic policy were confirmed. The new policy of outpatient management without antibiotics in acute uncomplicated diverticulitis is now shown to be feasible, well functioning, and safe.
Orbital shear stress directly stimulates SMC proliferation in long-term culture in vitro and is mediated, at least partially, by the ERK1/2 pathway. The ERK1/2 pathway may also mediate the orbital shear-stress-stimulated switch from SMC contractile to synthetic phenotype. These results suggest that shear-stress-stimulated SMC proliferation after vascular injury is mediated by a pathway amenable to pharmacologic manipulation.
Background Various methods for protective ventilation are increasingly being recommended for patients undergoing general anesthesia. However, the importance of each individual component is still unclear. In particular, the perioperative use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) remains controversial. The authors tested the hypothesis that PEEP alone would be sufficient to limit atelectasis formation during nonabdominal surgery. Methods This was a randomized controlled evaluator-blinded study. Twenty-four healthy patients undergoing general anesthesia were randomized to receive either mechanical ventilation with PEEP 7 or 9 cm H2O depending on body mass index (n = 12) or zero PEEP (n = 12). No recruitment maneuvers were used. The primary outcome was atelectasis area as studied by computed tomography in a transverse scan near the diaphragm, at the end of surgery, before emergence. Oxygenation was evaluated by measuring blood gases and calculating the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to inspired oxygen fraction (Pao2/Fio2 ratio). Results At the end of surgery, the median (range) atelectasis area, expressed as percentage of the total lung area, was 1.8 (0.3 to 9.9) in the PEEP group and 4.6 (1.0 to 10.2) in the zero PEEP group. The difference in medians was 2.8% (95% CI, 1.7 to 5.7%; P = 0.002). Oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination were maintained in the PEEP group, but both deteriorated in the zero PEEP group. Conclusions During nonabdominal surgery, adequate PEEP is sufficient to minimize atelectasis in healthy lungs and thereby maintain oxygenation. Thus, routine recruitment maneuvers seem unnecessary, and the authors suggest that they should only be utilized when clearly indicated.
Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) increases lung volume and protects against alveolar collapse during anesthesia. During emergence, safety preoxygenation preparatory to extubation makes the lung susceptible to gas absorption and alveolar collapse, especially in dependent regions being kept open by PEEP. We hypothesized that withdrawing PEEP before starting emergence preoxygenation would limit postoperative atelectasis formation. Methods This was a randomized controlled evaluator-blinded trial in 30 healthy patients undergoing nonabdominal surgery under general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation with PEEP 7 or 9 cm H2O depending on body mass index. A computed tomography scan at the end of surgery assessed baseline atelectasis. The study subjects were thereafter allocated to either maintained PEEP (n = 16) or zero PEEP (n = 14) during emergence preoxygenation. The primary outcome was change in atelectasis area as evaluated by a second computed tomography scan 30 min after extubation. Oxygenation was assessed by arterial blood gases. Results Baseline atelectasis was small and increased modestly during awakening, with no statistically significant difference between groups. With PEEP applied during awakening, the increase in atelectasis area was median (range) 1.6 (−1.1 to 12.3) cm2 and without PEEP 2.3 (−1.6 to 7.8) cm2. The difference was 0.7 cm2 (95% CI, −0.8 to 2.9 cm2; P = 0.400). Postoperative atelectasis for all patients was median 5.2 cm2 (95% CI, 4.3 to 5.7 cm2), corresponding to median 2.5% of the total lung area (95% CI, 2.0 to 3.0%). Postoperative oxygenation was unchanged in both groups when compared to oxygenation in the preoperative awake state. Conclusions Withdrawing PEEP before emergence preoxygenation does not reduce atelectasis formation after nonabdominal surgery. Despite using 100% oxygen during awakening, postoperative atelectasis is small and does not affect oxygenation, possibly conditional on an open lung during anesthesia, as achieved by intraoperative PEEP.
No CT findings that could predict complications or recurrence were found. A weakness in the initial assessment of the CT scans to detect extraluminal gas and abscess was found but, despite this, the majority of patients recovered without antibiotics. This further supports the non-antibiotic strategy in uncomplicated diverticulitis.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced low-dose CT (LDCT) in acute colonic diverticulitis in comparison with contrast-enhanced standard-dose CT (SDCT). Methods: All patients with clinically suspected diverticulitis who underwent LDCT followed by SDCT between January and October 2017 were evaluated prospectively. CT examinations were assessed for signs of diverticulitis, complications and other differential diagnoses by three independent radiologists (two consultants and one fourth-year resident) using SDCT as the reference method. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and Cohen's coefficient was used for agreement analyses. Results: Of the 149 patients included (mean age 66⋅7 years, M : F ratio 0⋅4), 107 (71⋅8 per cent) had imaging consistent with diverticulitis on standard CT. Sensitivity and specificity values for a diverticulitis diagnosis using LDCT were 95-99 and 86-100 per cent respectively, and respective values for identification of complications were 58-73 and 78-100 per cent. The corresponding values among the three readers for diagnosis were 0⋅984, 0⋅934 and 0⋅816, whereas values for complications were 0⋅680, 0⋅703 and 0⋅354. Of the 26 patients who presented with other causes of abdominal symptoms identified on standard CT, 23 were diagnosed correctly on LDCT. Missed cases included splenic infarction (1) and segmental colitis (2). Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of LDCT was high for the presence of acute diverticulitis. However, as signs of complicated disease can be missed using the low-dose protocol, use of LDCT as a primary examination method should not preclude SDCT when complications may be suspected.
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