Iron chrome oxide (FeCr 2O4), is a commercially viable and major ingredient of stainless steel. The Odisha state in India possesses 98% of the pre-Cambrian India’s Chromite ore deposits in Sukinda valley, Jajpur District. To meet the present escalating demand for chromium in steel industries, it is urged to extract more chrome ore to satiate domestic needs. The depletion of chrome deposits, rise in demand, fewer chrome mines, and less conversion from tailings increase of more toxic hexavalent chrome ion level in the geo-bio hydrosphere, shall aggravate health concerns for the people, fauna, and flora in Sukinda Ultramafic Complex (SUC). The present quest is a collection of chromite ores and tailings. A chemical study is done by using the X-ray fluorescent spectrometer. An insitu/GIS study of the Sukinda ultramafic complex by using Arc-GIS, and ERADAS software has been done to originate hydrology, aspect, and hill-shade map of the valley. The literature, and as an inhabitant of the area helped in preparing the strategic plan through Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan. CR (III) is a dietary requirement. The anthropogenic activities and atmospheric exposure have converted Cr (III) to Cr (VI) in SUC and have surpassed the recommended values. The noxious Cr (VI) in the geo-bio-hydrosphere shall invite health and environmental concerns in the future. The aboriginals of SUC are economically burdened with food insecurity, poor livelihood, health, and of formal societal values. The Sukinda Valley ore samples contain 50% chromite ore is economic. But the >7% of CR (III) ore in the tailings and overburden shall warrant the future expected exorbitant Cr (VI) in the geo-bio-hydro environment of Sukinda valley.
The Himalayas is massive mountainous hills of altitude about 2000m to 6500m garlanding India in the north extending about 2500km arc-shaped snowy glaciers covering parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China, and Bhutan at various heights in sub-tropics. Snow avalanches in winter with floods and landslides cause maximum fatalities with increasing vulnerability in West Indian Himalayas (WIH) dropping temperature to ≈ -60°C. The ignored calamity has encountered unplanned relief to inaccessible areas that warrant a disaster risk reduction (DRR) approach with modern structural interventions under downsizing glacier due to Anthropocene stresses. The present study envisions the various avalanche occurrences in the three most pretentious states Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, in WIH. Correlation between geological vs meteorological responsibilities such as temperature, earthquake, snowfalls, and Indian summer monsoon with avalanche sorted out and causes depicted. Present investigation is about vulnerability, risk, track, impact, forecasting procedures, early warning system (EWS), disaster risk reduction processes, moderating strategies and other factors. The inferred results are the cause of avalanche formation, the decline in the glacier area, the increase in frequency, and intensity, and the disaster risk reduction processes including the disaster management action plan (DMAP). The vulnerability area designation, awareness among people, disaster mitigation by public private partnership (PPP) mode, as combined effort on war footing basis by the line departments.
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