Uapaca kirkiana is an indigenous fruit tree that grows in hot and dry areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The tree tolerates dry conditions, high temperatures and acts as a food source for people that live in drier conditions were exotic fruit trees can hardly survive. The tree produced fruits that are rich in essential minerals and has a potential to act as a source of vitamin C. Ripe fruits are eaten raw and mostly sold at local and roadside markets with no processing. Traditionally the fruit can be processed into various products which include alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and traditional cakes. The fruit has a potential to improve nutritional status, food security, and livelihoods of rural dwellers especially in arid and semi-arid areas. However, the contribution of the fruit to human nutrition is often not recognised. The fruit, like most indigenous fruits, has limited and out-dated data on nutrient composition. Indigenous knowledge on handling and uses of the fruit needs to be upgraded. This review attempts to contribute to this effort by evaluating the existing evidence on its nutritional potential, functional and bioactive properties, Armistice Chawafambira

Globally, a ninth of people use polluted water sources because an estimated 300–400 Mt of waste and 90% of sewage are discharged into water bodies from industries and developing countries, respectively. The utilisation of indigenous fruit pits in producing novel adsorbents will greatly benefit in wastewater treatment. In most underdeveloped countries, activated carbon (AC) is imported at a high cost. The study was aimed at synthesising and characterisation of AC obtained from Marula nutshell. Carbonization of organic matter from Marula nutshell was carried out at 200°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. Sulphuric (H2SO4) and phosphoric (H3PO4) acids were used as activating agents at concentrations of 20–60% ( v / v ). Physicochemical characteristics of the AC, such as bulk density, moisture, ash, pH, and iodine number, were analyzed using standard methods. Functional groups and total carbon content were determined using the FTIR spectroscopy and Nitrogen Carbon Sulphur (NCS) analyzer, respectively. The values of carbon yield and total carbon in activated samples with H2SO4 and H3PO4 were 32.2–93.2%, 26.9–95.8%, and 46–79%, 20.8–69.8%, respectively. The pH, ash, moisture, and bulk density of activated high carbon samples with H2SO4 ranged from 2.4–6.1, 0.65–3.49%, 1.3–8.4%, and 0.42–0.62 gcm−3, respectively. Activated high carbon samples with H3PO4 had 2.7–3.2, 11.3–29.8%, 4.7–14.6%, and 0.39–0.54 gcm−3 pH, ash, moisture, and bulk density, respectively. The synthesised AC samples with 40% H3PO4 at 500°C had the highest iodine value of 1075.7 mg/g. FTIR results showed the presence of aliphatic carboxylic acid salt, inorganic nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate groups in the synthesised AC and were not significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from commercial AC. The untreated Marula nutshell had some aliphatic hydrocarbon (alkanes), inorganic phosphate ( PO 4 3 − ), aliphatic ester (–COO), and aliphatic carboxylic acid salt (–C(=O)O–) groups. A novel adsorbent, AC was produced from Marula nutshell with the potential to be used in water treatment.

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Uapaca kirkiana is an underutilised indigenous fruit tree (IFT) found in the miombo ecological zone in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa is home to many nutritionally insecure people who suffer from micronutrient deficiency. The incorporation of probiotic strains in jams as a possible way of enhancing mineral accessibility, food quality, and health is limited in Africa. This study monitored the probiotic potential, bioaccessible iron and zinc, and organoleptic properties of U. kirkiana fruit jam fermented with L. rhamnosus yoba. U. kirkiana fruits were collected from semiarid rural areas of Zimbabwe. The L. rhamnosus yoba strain was obtained from the Yoba for Life Foundation, Netherlands. Mineral and biochemical properties of the probiotic jam were analysed using AOAC standard methods. The U. kirkiana fruit tree was ranked first as a food resource by most rural populations in Zimbabwe. The probiotic jam formulation had 55% (wt/vol) U. kirkiana fruit pulp, 43% (wt/vol) sugar, 1.25% (wt/vol) pectin, 0.5% (wt/vol) citric acid, and 0.25% (wt/vol) L. rhamnosus yoba strain. The probiotic jam had 6.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/mL viable L. rhamnosus yoba cells. Iron and zinc content (mg/100 g w.b.) was 4.13 ± 0.22 and 0.68 ± 0.02 with pH 3.45 ± 0.11 , respectively. Nutrient content was g/100 g w.b., carbohydrate 66 ± 4.1 , fat 0.1 ± 0.01 , crude protein 0.2 ± 0.01 , ash 0.7 ± 0.02 , and crude fiber 0.3 ± 0.01 . Bioaccessible iron and zinc were 6.55 ± 0.36 % and 16.1 ± 0.50 % and increased by 4% and 2% in the probiotic jam, respectively. Mineral bioaccessibility and nutrient content were significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) in jam with 0.25% L. rhamnosus yoba. Jam acceptance rating was 83%. The probiotic jam can be used as a sustainable food containing probiotic with potential nutritional and health benefits.

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Azanza garckeana (snot apple) is an underutilized indigenous fruit of southern Africa. The study was aimed at determining the functional characteristics and potential use of extracted pectin from A. garckeana (snot apple) fruits from Zimbabwe. A. garckeana (snot apple) fruits were collected from a semiarid communal area of Nhema, Zimbabwe. Pectin properties were determined using standard methods. Fruit jam was formulated with 53% (w/v) U. kirkiana fruit pulp, 45% (w/v) sugar, 1.5% (w/v) A. garckeana pectin, 0.5% (w/v) citric acid. The optimum extraction conditions were 90°C for 90 minutes at pH 3. Pectin yield was 9.21 ± 0.1% to 18.1 ± 0.1% and 10.1 ± 0.1 to 20.2 ± 0.2% for dried and fresh A. garckeana fruits respectively. Physicochemical properties of the pectin were (% w/w) degree of esterification (DE) 72.1-80.3, methoxyl content 6.1-6.8, anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content 60.3-67.6, moisture content 3.1-2.2, ash content 0.9-0.7 for dried and fresh fruits. Equivalent weight range was 816.7-848.2 mg/mol. Jam had total soluble solids (68.2 ± 0.1%), total titratable acid (2.1 ± 0.2 g/L), moisture content (32.6 ± 1.3%) and pH (3.4 ± 0.1). Jam's overall acceptance score was 6. There was no significant difference in aroma, spreadability, taste, and texture of both jams at P < 0 .05. Pectin extracted from A. garckeana (snot apple) fruits has good functionality properties with potential for applications in food processing, especially in jam production.

The study was carried out in Makonde District, located 17°21' S and 30°12' E in Mashonaland West Province to assess the efficiency of improved and traditional granaries in protecting traditional and hybrid maize from Prostephanus truncatus. Ten farmers were randomly selected from 20 wards in the District. Multistage cluster sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used. Amongst the 10 selected farmers, 5 were using traditional granaries and the other 5 were using improved granaries. Four farmers used in the study stored a traditional maize variety (Hickory King) and six farmers stored a hybrid variety (SC 513). Demographic data on the farmers was captured on a questionnaire which was conducted at the beginning of the study. The questionnaire had information on type of storage granary, age of farmers, type of stored maize variety, amount of maize stored, major prevalent pests and grain management practices. Hybrid and traditional maize varieties stored in selected improved and traditional granaries. The maize varieties were first fumigated for a week using phosphine tablets and granaries were first disinfected using Deltamethrin (2.4% w.p) at 1.5g/l water at 20ml/m 2. Fumigated traditional and hybrid maize were then stored in disinfected granaries. Maize grains were stored for 6 months. Traditional, intermediate traditional, intermediate improved, improved granaries had 36%, 16%, 30% and 18% utilization amongst farmers respectively. Age of farmers showed a significant influence on the type of granary used to store their grain. Sitophilus zeamais, Prostephanus truncatus, Sitotroga cereallela were most prevalent insect species. The relative abundance of these pests in the granaries was 100%, 70% and 85% respectively. Hybrid maize (SC 513) was reinfested with Prostephanus truncatus after 3 months during storage in traditional granaries. The relative abundance of pests in a granary was influenced by the farmer duration of storage and the treatment. It was concluded that traditional granaries used by farmers were found to be prone to Prostephanus truncatus infestation as compared to improved granaries. There was a significant difference in the variations between granary type, maize variety and levels of Prostephanus truncatus infestation.

In recent years, there has been an increase of interest in herbal infusions due to the effective promotion of their medicinal properties (Bhebhe et al., 2015). An underutilized indigenous herbal plant, Lippia javanica, has been made popular in many communal homes of Zimbabwe as a tisane (Maroyi, 2017). Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng belongs to the family Verbenaceae (Figure 1a) and is the