Background: The androgen receptor (AR) plays critical roles in both androgen-dependent and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). However, little is known about AR target genes that mediate the receptor's roles in disease progression.
Many more genes likely share AR-mediated gene repression through distal regulatory elements. Further study of such targets and their transcriptional regulation may help explain the receptor's tumorigenicity in PCa.
Purpose: In a number of small studies focused on one or two sports, exercise and competitive level has been observed to favor attainment of higher bone mineral density (BMD) in otherwise healthy athletes. We analyzed merged data from 10 studies to determine the effects of competitive level on upper extremity BMD in female athletes across multiple sports.Methods: This study is a meta-analysis of 10 articles reporting results of similar case-control and cross-sectional studies of BMD in female athletes and nonathletes reporting an effect of athletic participation level. Upper extremity BMD was modeled as an outcome of the level of athleticism using a categorical weighted least squares model and controlling for upper-body impact, age, and body mass index.Results
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