Mastitis is the most frequent and expensive disease in the Animal Production Units (UPAS-Animal Production Units) of dairy cattle, due to its serious consequences on economic losses in the quantity and quality of milk produced. Its cause is directly related to aspects of well-being, health and hygiene and sanitation of the high milkproducing animals. In this work, important aspects to be taken into account for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, antimicrobials and finally aspects of vital importance to be taken into account to prevent bovine mastitis in UPAS of dairy cattle are described.
La importancia de realizar estudios sobre el uso del forraje verde hidropónico de maíz (FVHM) es porque, se ha evaluado poco el impacto productivo y económico en la alimentación de los cerdos en la región de la Costa de Oaxaca. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo en cerdos en crecimiento con FVH como suplemento, con dietas a base de alimento comercial y con inclusión de FVHM. La investigación se realizó durante los meses de agosto a noviembre de 2017. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos [T1: testigo, T2: 85/15%; T3: 70/30% y T4: 55-45% de alimento comercia y FVHM respectivamente], bajo un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Se utilizaron 16 cerdos desparasitados y vacunados, con peso inicial de 10.41 kg. Se evaluó consumo total de alimento (CTA), conversión alimenticia (CA), ganancia de peso total (GPT) y la relación costo-beneficio (RCB). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante Proc. GLM de SAS. Las medias fueron comparadas con la prueba de Tukey. Se encontraron diferencias (p˂ 0.05) en el CTA, donde fue mayor a 110 kg. La GPT más alta fue de 42.67 kg. En cuanto a RCB se mejoran los parámetros productivos a medida que se incrementa el porcentaje FVHM (45%) en la dieta de los cerdos. Se concluye que con la inclusión de 30% de FVHM en la dieta de los cerdos en crecimiento se mejora su comportamiento productivo.
Despite the advances that exist today on feasible technologies applied in breeding and animal production, few farmers or ranchers have shown concern for improving the general environmental conditions of their Units of Animal Production, without taking into account that these conditions are largely responsible for animal health, welfare altering them and impacting significantly in the presence of problems of reproductive and productive nature, significantly increasing production costs in the dairy industry. In this paper, some nutritional causes that can cause reproductive disorders in cows are described.
At the beginning of the 1980s, a series of very profound changes were initiated in the milk cow nutrition approaches, as a consequence of the highest levels of production per cow that were reached by the productive systems of the northern hemisphere. Nutrition is defined as the series of processes through which an organism acquires and assimilates food to promote its growth and replace worn or damaged tissues. The nutrients are fundamental for the animals to carry out their different productive functions. When we consider the aspects that touch the field of nutrition of ruminants, we understand the importance of this group of animals of zootechnical interest, which are able to process plant components that are not consumed by other mammals, the structural carbohydrates (fiber). Ruminant comes from the word "rumen", which is the largest of the compartments in the stomach of four compartments of a bovine, sheep or goat. This structure is where microbial fermentation takes place. The ruminants, through evolutionary processes, developed life relationships with microorganisms which enabled them to use fiber as food, that is, they developed in some way their "food factory". They eat the forage to be transformed by the rumen's microbiota into substances that are the source of energy for the animal and for the microbial synthesis, the microbial cells are an excellent source of proteins for the animal. However, the processes that make the ruminal microbiota are, in a certain way, inefficient. Grass degradation produces volatile fatty acids, microbial protein and gases. Within these gases, some are environmental pollutants such as CO2, methane and nitrous oxide. Millions of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi live in the rumen and degrade parts of the plant rich in energy, making them digestible to the animal host. After the forage has been digested in the rumen and degraded to smaller parts, it can pass through the reticulum and omasum, which function as colanders that trap large pieces of material preventing them from reaching the abomasum, or "true stomach", where digestion continues. The nutritional concern for ruminants focuses on energy (ie, carbohydrates), protein, minerals, vitamins, and water. The energy (carbohydrates) is responsible for the functions of growth and maintenance of the animal, and the generation of heat. The protein makes the tissue grow and performs other vital functions. Other nutrients and minerals such as vitamin A and E, calcium, phosphorus, and selenium can be fed to "free choice" as a mineral supplement. Dairy cows of high productive potential (9000-12000 / liters / lactation) currently represent a real challenge for nutrition. For many years, there has been evidence of the impact of nutrition on the reproductive behavior of the bovine female. The main factor that affects reproduction is the undernourishment due to the scarcity and quality of the food. Subsequent research has shown that nutritional effects are exerted through complex interrelations between various aspects such as: content and use of body reserves, distribution of nutrients between different systems and organs and prioritization of the use of nutrients for various functions in addition to reproduction.
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