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Honey is characterized as a natural and raw foodstuff that can be consumed not only as a sweetener but also as medicine due to its therapeutic impact on human health. It is prone to adulterants caused by humans that manipulate the quality of honey. Although honey consumption has remarkably increased in the last few years all around the world, the safety of honey is not assessed and monitored regularly. Since the number of consumers of honey adulteration have increased in recent years, their trust and interest in this valuable product has decreased. Honey adulterants are any substances that are added to the pure honey. In this regard, this paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of the different types of adulteration, common sugar adulterants and detection methods, and draws a clear perspective toward the impact of honey adulteration on human health. Adulteration increases the consumer’s blood sugar, which can cause diabetes, abdominal weight gain, and obesity, raise the level of blood lipids and can cause high blood pressure. The most common organ affected by honey adulterants is the liver followed by the kidney, heart, and brain, as shown in several in vivo research designs.

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Identification of coding region polymorphism in addition to the hypervariable regions is helpful to increase the value of mitochondrial DNA polymorphic data in forensic genetics. In this study, DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was analysed among unrelated ethnic Malays as an initial effort to determine the sequence variation within the cytochrome b gene of mtDNA coding region. Totally 13 different sequence types containing 15 polymorphic sites were found. Sequence positions with high frequency and a novel polymorphism site were observed. The results suggest that sequence polymorphisms of the human mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene can be applied as an additional marker in individual identification for forensic casework and may be valuable in anthropological and population studies. However, more samples must be analysed.

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