The influence of temperature on lifetime attributes of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was evaluated at four constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30º C), RH 70 ± 10%, photophase 14 h. Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were used as hosts. Developmental times of both parasitoid species were similar when exposed to 20, 25, or 30º C. T. annulata, however, developed slightly faster than T. pretiosum at 15º C. Emergence rates of both species were above 89%. The temperature threshold for T. pretiosum and T. annulata was 11º C and the number of degree-days required for their development was 126.9 and 122.3, respectively. Parasitization was maximal at 25º C. T. annulata, however, parasitized significantly more hosts than T. pretiosum in the entire temperature range. Temperature had no effect in brood size.T. annulata progeny consisted predominantly of males, except at 15º C, whereas in T.pretiosumitconsisted predominantly of females, except at 30º C. Parental females lived longer than males.
Resumo AbstractThe objective of the present work was to determine the incidence of Meloidogyne paranaensis galls in the roots of Solanum lycopersicum, after inoculation with Amynthas spp. and Pontoscolex corethrurus. The experiment was performed in the greenhouse in a randomised block experimental design was adopted, with four treatments and five repetitions: T1. M. paranaensis; T2. M. paranaensis + Amynthas spp. T3. M. paranaensis +P. corethrurus; T4. M. paranaensis + Amynthas spp. + P. corethrurus. Initially, six adult worms of Amynthas spp. or P. corethrurus, isolated or in the same proportion (3:3), with the previously determined fresh biomass. After one week, tomato seedlings (cultivar "Rutgers") were transplanted to the pots and inoculated with 5 mL of a suspension of M. paranaensis containing
Sugarcane-associated nematodes (Saccharum spp.) can reduce productivity up to 50%. Through the survey, it was possible to identify the main nematodes that occur in a certain region as a tool for designing the best management and control strategies. The aim of this study was to characterize the population of nematodes associated with sugarcane in the North Central, North Pioneiro and Northwest mesoregion of the state of Paraná, Brazil, quantify the nematode genera associated with the crop and identify the species of Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne. A total amount of 89 soil and root composite samples were collected in nine municipalities. Nematodes were extracted and counted in a Peters counting chamber under an optical light microscope. Morphological description followed identification keys. Pratylenchus spp. were identified by morphological characteristics; Meloidogyne spp. were identified by morphological characteristics and isoenzyme electrophoresis. Twelve genera of nematodes associated with sugarcane were identified:
Earthworms are a representative soil invertebrate, and their living habits are known to influence a large diversity of organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Amynthas spp. to change the biological attributes of soil, and its potential to reduce infection by root-knot nematodes on tomato crop. The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Diagnostic Center Marcos Enrietti, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil. The treatments earthworms at the following densities: control (absence of earthworms), two, four, six, and eight, which were inoculated into different pots, with five replicates per group. In each pot, a single tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) was used, and a suspension of Meloidogyne javanica containing 3000 eggs and/or juveniles was added 14 days after seeding. During the experiment, edaphic respiration was evaluated at 96-h intervals. After 91 days, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial soil respiration (MSR), the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ), dry mass of roots (DMR), dry mass of plants (DMP), and the number of root galls were determined per plant. We observed that inoculation with higher earthworm densities increased the MBC. Furthermore, the lowest earthworm density (two animals) resulted in a MBC that was 75% higher than that of the control treatment (earthworms absent). There was a positive correlation between MBC and DMP, and a negative correlation between MBC and qCO 2 . The DMR was not influenced by inoculation with earthworms. A linear increase in DMP was observed with earthworms; however, gall formations on the tomato root were not suppressed. Key words: Amynthas spp. Edaphic respiration. Meloidogyne javanica. Microbial biomass. ResumoAs minhocas são um dos mais representativos invertebrados do solo e sabe-se que seus hábitos de vida influenciam uma grande diversidade de outros organismos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de Amynthas spp. em alterar alguns atributos biológicos do solo e seu potencial em reduzir a infecção de nematoides formadores de galhas na cultura do tomate. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no Centro Diagnóstico Marcos Enrietti, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram diferentes densidades de minhocas: Controle (ausência de minhocas), dois, quatro, seis e oito indivíduos inoculados por vaso, com cinco repetições. Em cada vaso foi utilizada uma única plântula de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), onde, aos 14 dias após a semeadura foi adicionada uma suspensão contendo 3000 ovos e/ou juvenis de Meloidogyne javanica.
Earthworms are a representative soil invertebrate, and their living habits are known to influence a large diversity of organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Amynthas spp. to change the biological attributes of soil, and its potential to reduce infection by root-knot nematodes on tomato crop. The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Diagnostic Center Marcos Enrietti, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil. The treatments earthworms at the following densities: control (absence of earthworms), two, four, six, and eight, which were inoculated into different pots, with five replicates per group. In each pot, a single tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) was used, and a suspension of Meloidogyne javanica containing 3000 eggs and/or juveniles was added 14 days after seeding. During the experiment, edaphic respiration was evaluated at 96-h intervals. After 91 days, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial soil respiration (MSR), the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ), dry mass of roots (DMR), dry mass of plants (DMP), and the number of root galls were determined per plant. We observed that inoculation with higher earthworm densities increased the MBC. Furthermore, the lowest earthworm density (two animals) resulted in a MBC that was 75% higher than that of the control treatment (earthworms absent). There was a positive correlation between MBC and DMP, and a negative correlation between MBC and qCO 2 . The DMR was not influenced by inoculation with earthworms. A linear increase in DMP was observed with earthworms; however, gall formations on the tomato root were not suppressed. Key words: Amynthas spp. Edaphic respiration. Meloidogyne javanica. Microbial biomass. ResumoAs minhocas são um dos mais representativos invertebrados do solo e sabe-se que seus hábitos de vida influenciam uma grande diversidade de outros organismos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de Amynthas spp. em alterar alguns atributos biológicos do solo e seu potencial em reduzir a infecção de nematoides formadores de galhas na cultura do tomate. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no Centro Diagnóstico Marcos Enrietti, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram diferentes densidades de minhocas: Controle (ausência de minhocas), dois, quatro, seis e oito indivíduos inoculados por vaso, com cinco repetições. Em cada vaso foi utilizada uma única plântula de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), onde, aos 14 dias após a semeadura foi adicionada uma suspensão contendo 3000 ovos e/ou juvenis de Meloidogyne javanica.
Soil invertebrate organisms are responsible for several biochemical processes indispensable for the correct functioning of ecosystems. Because of the high diversity of animals that occurs in the soil environment, some invertebrates such as earthworms and nematodes are highly important in trophic chains, with high number of species and the effect that they exert on both natural and agricultural systems. However, although numerous studies have evaluated the implications of these organisms in soil processes and their consequences on crop productivity, the interaction between earthworms and nematodes has received little attention in recent years. This chapter reviews studies focusing on the elucidation of the interaction between earthworms and nematodes in diverse situations in which they occur, for example, the vermicompost process and the native and agricultural systems. Several studies have shown that the direct and/or indirect action of earthworms can highly modify nematode populations. In addition, in the presence of earthworms, the damage caused by phytonematodes can be reduced in some crops.
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