IntroductionPulsatilla vernalis is a rare species in Poland [1], included in the Polish red data book [2] and on the red data list for Poland [3]. This species is under strict legal protection in Poland [4]. It represents a European-temperate sub-element from the group of Holarctic elements [5] and the Alpine-North European distribution type from the European-temperate-montane group. The "Pulsatilla vernalis distribution type" with two occurrence centers: mountain and lowland [6,7], was not included in the latest classification of geographical elements of the native flora of Poland [5]. The lowland sites were defined as connecting elements between the mountain range and the northern range [5].P. vernalis frequently occurs in the alpine and subalpine zone of central and northern Europe [1,8]. It is very seldom in the lowlands − mostly in Central Europe [1,9,10], in southern Scandinavia [11][12][13] and in the Russian Republic of Karelia [14], where it is regarded as a relict of the Valdai Glaciation [15]. In Austria [16] and Belarus [17], the species is considered extinct.The disappearance of the species' lowland sites observed in the last century is also related to the theory that P. vernalis occurs mainly in the mountain areas, while the lowland sites are relict ones [18]. Their presence in lowland Poland is associated with at least two independent migration routes with the origin in the western and eastern Alps [18]. Probably the former range of the species, with no strong occurrence center, split into local sites represented by isolated populations. In Poland, they are located at the eastern border of the former range of P. vernalis [1].The results of contemporary chorological and population studies conducted in Poland [1], compiled with the available data covering all previous records of the species [19], confirmed the extinction of P. vernalis at the lowland sites. Consequently, it has been decided to change the risk category of the species from vulnerable [2,3] to high risk of extinction (endangered) [20]. The main, identified threats to the pasqueflower include intensification of forestry, small size of preserved populations and no natural regeneration [1]. In these circumstances, it is necessary to undertake certain measures aiming at protection of the existing P. vernalis sites and successful reintroduction and introduction of this species. This involves detailed identification of the species habitat conditions, mainly the soil on which it grows.The current description of P. vernalis habitat preferences in the form of ecological indicator values [21,22] is inaccurate due to duality of the species habitat conditions. In the textbooks on ecology and biology of P. vernalis, specific habitat characteristics of montane and lowland populations were disregarded. Also plant communities (both montane and lowland) with the pasqueflower presence differ from each other. Within the mountain range, the species grows in alpine grasslands from the class of Seslerietea variae, including the association of Festuco versic...
Abstract. The article describes the results of field studies carried out in the period from April 2013 to may 2014. The study concerned the assessment of the magnitude of co 2 emissions from marsh soils in the area of czerwone Bagno peat bog, which is a part of the largest complex of peatlands in Poland. The authors used the closed chamber method to measure seasonal variability of net ecosystem co 2 emission and drew attention to the impact of environmental factors (air temperature, air pressureandsoil moisture) on it. The highest values of average daily co 2 emission (over 630 mg(co 2 )×m -2 ×h -1) were recorded in late spring and summer. Lowest values were obtained in late autumn and winter (in the range of 178-212 mg(co 2 )×m). The need for monitoringof peat bogin temperate latitudes is stressed due to the progressive process of peat soilsdrying which enables the release of large quantities of greenhouse gases -co 2 , ch 4 -into the atmosphere.
Artykuł dotyczy określenia roli w strukturze miasta oraz wszechstronnego znaczenia terenów zieleni w podziale na podstawowe kategorie. W pracy wskazano mnogość funkcji niektórych obiektów oraz skalę ich oddziaływania w przestrzeni. Główną część stanowi analiza porównawcza udziału powierzchni zajmowanej przez poszczególne rodzaje terenów zieleni w ogólnej powierzchni wybranych dużych miast w Polsce z uwzględnieniem zmian jakie zaszły w okresie ostatnich kilkunastu lat. Zwrócono także uwagę na problemy związane z pielęgnacją i dostępnością terenów zieleni. Wyniki analizy wykazały, iż Łódź jest jednym z najbardziej „zielonych” miast w Polsce, a niektóre kategorie terenów zieleni odgrywają szczególną rolę w ekologii miasta i gospodarce przestrzennej.
Abstract:The article presents the use of a closed-chamber method used for measuring the size of exhalation gases from the soil. The paper presents the assumptions of the method, the measuring kit and information regarding the conversion of the gas concentration in the measuring chamber into the amount of gases emitted from the soil. The authors presented a way of converting concentration of emission gases (for example CO2) in [ppm] units into the exhalation values [mg (CO2) × m -2 × h -1 ], which are more convenient for comparing the results of environmental tests. The work also includes guidelines for conducting the field measurements and allows one to estimate the size of the exchange of gases between soil and atmosphere. Key words:closed-chamber method, soil respiration, CO2 expiration, gas analyzer. Zarys treści:Artykuł prezentuje zastosowanie metody komorowej, przy wykorzystaniu statycznej komory zamkniętej, służącej do pomiarów wielkości ekshalacji gazów z gleby. W pracy przedstawiono założenia metody, skład zestawu pomiarowego oraz informacje dotyczące przeliczania wartości stężenia gazów w komorze pomiarowej na ilość gazów. Autorzy zaprezentowali sposób przeliczania stężenia gazów (na przykładzie CO2) w jednostkach [ppm] na wartości ekshalacji [mg (CO2) × m -2 × h -1 ], które są wygodniejsze do porównań wyników badań środowiskowych. Praca zawiera ponadto wskazówki dla prowadzenia pomiarów terenowych i pozwala na szacowanie wielkości wymiany gazów pomiędzy glebą i atmosferą.Słowa kluczowe: metoda komorowa zamknięta, respiracja gleb, wydzielanie CO2, analizator gazów.
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