Background: This study describes the morphology of sesamoid bones in the human hand. Ultrasound imaging was used to record the presence and measurements of sesamoids in 120 hands of 60 healthy, young adults of Caucasian ethnicity. Materials and methods: The mean number of sesamoid bones was 4.16 in the left hand and 4.03 in the right hand. 21.6% of cases showed asymmetry between the right hand and the left. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of sesamoid bones between right and left hand in males in this study. Females show a higher incidence of sesamoid bones overall, but do not demonstrate a significant difference between the sides. Results: Prevalence findings: Two in the 1 st Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) in 99.2% of cases, with one case of a single bone. One in the 2 nd MCPJ in 43.3% of cases. One in the 5 th MCPJ in 84.2% of cases. One in the 1 st Interphalangeal joint (IPJ) in 83.4%of cases. Aside from that there was one case of sesamoid in the 3 rd MCPJ and separate case of sesamoid in the 3 rd proximal IPJ. Conclusions: Moreover, this study discusses discrepancies of opinion regarding sesamoid bones in morphological research.

We report the photoelectron spectra of anionic complexes between 1-methylcytosine (mC) and formic acid (FA) in 1 : 1 and 1:2 stoichiometries that have been measured with 2.54 eV photons. Each spectrum consists of a broad peak with maxima at 1.85 and 2.1 eV, respectively, confirming the generation of stable valence anions in the gas phase. The neutral and anionic complexes of mC(FA) and mC(FA) 2 were also studied computationally at the B3LYP, second-order Møller-Plesset, and coupled-cluster levels of theory with the 6-31þþG** and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets. Based on the calculations, we conclude that the photoelectron spectra of mC(FA) À and mCðFAÞ À 2 are due to anions that originate from a barrier-free proton transfer (BFPT) triggered by excess electron attachment. They can be viewed as neutral radicals of hydrogenated 1-methylcytosine solvated by a deprotonated formic acid.

BACKGROUND The growing popularity of marathon and half-marathon runs has led to an increased number of patients presenting with exertion-induced heat stroke. Mild hepatic involvement is often observed in these patients; however, fulminant liver failure may occur in approximately 5% of all cases. Liver transplantation is a potentially curative approach for exertion-induced liver failure, although there is a lack of consensus regarding the criteria and optimal timing of this intervention. CASE SUMMARY This paper describes 5 patients (4 men and 1 woman) who were referred to the department where this study was performed with the diagnosis of exertion-induced acute liver failure. Three patients underwent liver transplantation, 1 recovered spontaneously, and 1 patient died on day 11 following the exertion. CONCLUSION Exertion-induced heat stroke may present as fulminant liver failure. These patients may recover with conservative treatment, may require liver transplantation, or may die. No definitive criteria are available to determine patient suitability for a conservative vs surgical approach.

Background: The aim of this work was to describe morphology and morphometry of

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The interest in clinical anatomy of the thoracic duct (TD) has recently grown, owing to discoveries linking its morphology to pathologies such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis. In the light of this knowledge, a cost-efficient and reliable in-vivo imaging method of TD should be devised. Ultrasonography satisfies these criteria and hence is a promising tool for assessment of TD's anatomy and function. Thirty-one healthy volunteers attended the examination after 6 h of fasting and 2 h without drink. Ultrasound of the left supraclavicular fossa was performed in search of TD's orifice into the venous angle. In each case, the largest diameter, number of orifices, presence of valves, tributaries, and motility of the TD were examined. We performed examinations in three sessions: after fasting, after standardized meal and 1 h after the meal.The statistical significance has varied among the three sessions. The strongest connection was shown in the third examination. The TD was visualized in 31 cases, 35 orifices were found, most of which drained into the venous angle. Multiple orifices were seen in four cases and valves in 15 cases. Tributaries were present in 17 cases. Mean widest and orifice diameter measured 3.23 and 2.0 mm, respectively. Spontaneous peristaltic-like movements of the TD were observed in 25 cases. We demonstrated that ultrasound is useful for assessment of TD's anatomy, allowing to visualize and quantify its key features. Moreover, our study is presumably the first to capture and describe TD's motility in vivo.

Musculus Palmaris Longus (PL) is one of the most variable anatomical structures in the human body. Despite being biomechanically active, it is vastly considered to have no impact on the functionality of the upper extremity in the general population. The aim of this study is to examine the relation between playing capability of young musicians and morphology of Musculus PL and to compare it with the relation between manual capability of non-musicians and morphology of their Musculus PL. 42 forearms of 21 healthy individuals (11 musicians and 10 non-musicians) were subjected to Shaeffer’s test and ultrasound imaging and tested by dynamometer for hand grip strength and the first and fifth finger opposition before and after exertion. No difference in morphology pattern was observed between the groups. In the musicians, a substantial loss of a hand grip strength of the left hand compared to the right hand after exertion, regardless of lateralization, was observed. A disproportion in exhaustion of the musician’s hands with unilateral absence of PL was observed – the difference in grip strength between the dominant and non-dominant hand before and after exertion increased over eight times more than in the musicians with bilateral presence. There is no difference in PL morphology between either the musicians or non-musicians. Regardless of lateralization, the musician’s left hand in musicians seems weaker and therefore more prone to misuse related injuries. PL may play a role in musicians in balancing muscular exhaustion.

This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Folia Morphologica" are listed in PubMed.