These results provide evidence that E-cadherin is expressed in a proportion of ILC, however, unlike ductal carcinoma, its expression seems to be of limited significance and it is usually associated with evidence of impaired integrity of the E-cadherin-catenin membrane complex. Our data offer a possible explanation for the presence but lack functionality of E-cadherin in some cases of ILC and imply that immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin per se in ILC histologic phenotypic tumors should not preclude its diagnosis.
Objectives Acute and/or chronic pancreatitis has been implicated as an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer; however, the incidence and temporal relationship of pancreatitis before pancreatic cancer diagnosis are unclear. We aim to understand the role and incidence of pancreatitis temporally with the development of pancreatic cancer. Methods A population-based study was used to investigate a temporal relationship between pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer diagnoses. Intervals of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were developed. Demographical data including age, sex, and race were also recorded and analyzed. Results A total of 50,080 patients were found to have a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, of which 7420 (14.8%) had prior diagnoses of pancreatitis. Of those, 92% were between the ages of 40 and 89 years. African Americans had a higher rate of pancreatitis before cancer diagnosis when compared with whites (21.2% vs 14.8%, P < 0.0001). Further analysis revealed that pancreatitis occurred in 81.3% of patients 3 months before a diagnosis of pancreas cancer and 98.9% had established diagnoses of pancreatic cancer within 3 years. Conclusions Screening of patients older than 40 years who have pancreatitis and unclear etiology of pancreatitis may be warranted, especially in African Americans and male individuals.
Studies show an association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and prediabetes or type II diabetes mellitus. We have previously reported that Cd causes decreased levels of serum leptin in rats following 12 weeks of daily Cd dosing (0.6 mg/kg/b.w./day). Since leptin plays an important role in metabolism, we examined the effects of Cd on rats and db/db mice, which are deficient in leptin receptor activity. We gave rats and mice daily subcutaneous injections of saline (control) or CdCl2 at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg of Cd for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of no dosing. At the end of the 4-week study, exposure to Cd resulted in a more rapid increase in blood glucose levels following an oral glucose tolerance test in db/db vs. lean mice. During the two weeks of no Cd dosing, individual rat bodyweight gain was greater (p ≤ 0.05) in Cd-treated animals. At this time point, the combined epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad weight was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the Cd-treated lean mice compared to saline-treated controls. Although this pilot study had relatively low N values (4 per treatment group for mice and 6 for rats) the results show that clinically relevant levels of Cd exposure resulted in diabetogenic as well as obesogenic effects.
Objective Our overall hypothesis is that pregnancy’s mechanical and hormonal stimuli induce permanent changes in the properties of uterine tissue. Our objective here was to quantify the variation in the response to oxytocin, PGE2, and PGF2α of myometrium from pregnant female rats at term, during labor, and during involution. Method First time (Preg1) and second time (Preg2) pregnant female 18 weeks old rats were euthanized either at term (day 22 of gestation, no labor E22), during labor (day 22 of gestation after birth of first pup, E22L), or at involution (2 days after parturition, INV). For each group, 8 rats were used. Six 3×10 mm myometrial strips were suspended in a tissue bath containing Krebs solution (in mM, NaCl 117, KCl 4.7, NaHCO3 25, MgCl2 1.2, KH2PO4 1.2, CaCl2 2.5, glucose 11, pH= 7.4) at 37°C and bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Separate dose responses curves to the endogenous uterotonics oxytocin, PGE2, and PGF2 were generated by incremental additions of each drug to the tissue bath (10E‐10 to 10E‐5 M in all cases). Results In E22 tissue, the affinity of oxytocin for its receptor changes somewhat significantly (P= 0.042) between Preg1 (log EC50 −8.53 ± 0.07) and Preg2 (log EC50 −8.72 ± 0.07), while the maximal response to the drug was essentially the same (P<0.05). In E22L tissue, oxytocin log EC50 is similar in Preg1 and Preg2, while maximal response was higher in Preg1 than in Preg2 tissue, (Max for Preg1= 0.97 ± 0.03; Max for Preg2= 0.73 ± 0.06 AUC/AUC KCl, P<0.001). During INV, no differences in log EC50 or Max response were detected (P<0.05). For PGE2, in E22, no significant difference was detected in log EC50 between Preg1 and Preg2. However, maximal response was higher in Preg1 than Preg2 (Max for Preg1= 0.37 ± 0.02; Max for Preg2= 0.28 ± 0.01 AUC/AUC KCl, P=0.012). The same is true for E22L (Max for Preg1= 0.43 ± 0.03; Max for Preg2= 0.33 ± 0.02 AUC/AUC KCl, P=0.018). In INV, instead, the log EC50 was higher for Preg1 than Preg2 (log EC50 for Preg1 −7.52 ± 0.4; log EC50 for Preg1 −6.35 ± 0.1; P=0.006), while the maximal response was stronger in Preg2 than in Preg1 (Max for Preg1= 0.12 ± 0.02; Max for Preg2= 0.28 ± 0.01 AUC/AUC KCl; P<0.001). For PGF2, in E22, logEC50 is similar in Preg1 and Preg2, while Preg2 showed a stronger response than Preg1 (Max for Preg1= 0.48 ± 0.02; Max for Preg2= 0.61 ± 0.02 AUC/AUC KCl; P<0.001) A similar pattern was demonstrated in E22L (Max for Preg1= 0.30 ± 0.01; Max for Preg2= 0.35 ± 0.01 AUC/AUC KCl; P=0.019). Finally, in INV, log EC50 was higher in Preg1 than Preg2 (log EC50 for Preg1= −7.01± 0.09; log EC50 for Preg1 −6.22 ± 0.0.09; P<0.001), but the maximal response was moderately stronger in Preg2 than in Preg1 (Max for Preg1= 0.44 ± 0.01; Max for Preg2= 0.48 ± 0.01 AUC/AUC KCl; P=0.03). Conclusions In the past, we demonstrated alteration in the response of never before pregnant and proven breeder myometrial tissues to endogenous uterotonic agents in the non‐pregnant and pregnant state. Our current results show that also at term, during labor, and during ...
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