Background: In 2017, the CDC listed heart disease as the leading cause of death, with pneumonia and influenza being the eighth cause of death. Several studies have suggested the protective effects of influenza vaccination on myocardial infarction (MI). Available evidence supports the use of influenza vaccination in decreasing cardiovascular events, and the Joint Commission considers influenza vaccination a metric of quality care for hospitalized patients. Our specific aim was to evaluate the combined use of pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine (PPV) and influenza vaccine on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using the 2012-2015 US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, to compare cardiovascular events in adult patients who did and did not receive vaccination during their hospitalization. ICD-9 codes were used to extract data for specific variables. The outcomes included MI, transient ischemic attacks, cardiac arrest, stroke, heart failure, and death. Adjusted relative risks (RR) were calculated using survey-weighted generalized linear models after adjusting for gender, race, socioeconomic status, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking status, prior coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The effect of vaccination on in-hospital mortality was assessed in each subgroup of cardiovascular events using RR regressions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.