In this study, the sorptions of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI) on amine-functionalized activated carbon were investigated. Coal from the Tavantolgoi deposit of Mongolia was used as a precursor for the modification. After the coal carbonization, the char was activated with heated steam at different times (120, 180, and 240 min) and several temperatures (800ºC and 850ºC). The activated carbon at 850ºC for 240 min was used for the treatment with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The interactions between metal ions and functional groups on the sorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The influence of various parameters such as pH (2-7), contact time (0.5-6 h), temperature (25ºC, 35ºC, 45ºC, and 55ºC), initial concentration of heavy metals ions (10, 25, and 50 mg/L), and common cations (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) was investigated. The optimum pH for Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI) sorption on the modified activated carbon was chosen as 4, 3, and 3, respectively. The sorption capacity was increased from 6.15 to 9.88 mg/g and 17.1 mg/g to 19.0 mg/g when increased the temperature from 25ºC to 55ºC for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption, respectively (initial concentration of metal ions were 50 mg/L). But the sorption capacity was decreased from 3.13 mg/g to 2.69 mg/g when increased the temperature from 25ºC to 55ºC for Pb(II) adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔHº), entropy (ΔSº), and Gibb's free energy (ΔGº) were estimated, and the results confirmed that all sorption processes are spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable. The sorption capacity was decreased when the amount of Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , or Mg 2+ increased from 0 to 200 mg/L, and a remarkable decrease in sorption capacity was observed for Pb(II) adsorption. The order of adsorption capacity of modified activated carbon for metal ions was Cr(VI) Cu(II) Pb(II). The sorption mechanism was discussed for the processes.
This study reports the technical characteristics, the organic elemental composition of coal, and the inorganic elemental composition of coal ashes from four selected coals including Tavan tolgoi, Nariin sukhait, Baganuur and Shivee-Ovoo deposits in Mongolia. The thermal stability analyses of the organic mass in coal samples were also conducted with thermogravimetric analysis and discussed with the detailed mechanisms of the thermal decomposition of the coal organic mass. Furthermore, the coal samples were processed by pyrolysis at different heating temperatures and determined the yields of pyrolysis products such as hard residue, condensed liquid (tar and pyrolysis water), and uncondensed gas products. The coal ashes from the selected coals were also studied in detail and report that the ashes of high-rank coals of Tavan tolgoi and Nariin sukhait deposits have acidic character and ashes of low-rank coals of Baganuur and Shivee-Ovoo deposits have alkaline character. In addition, the coals samples from Tavan tolgoi, Nariin sukhait, Shivee-Ovoo, and Baganuur deposits were processed by pyrolysis at different heating temperatures and determined with the yields of pyrolysis products such as hard residue, condensed liquid (tar and pyrolysis water), and uncondensed gas products. The yields of hard residue from high-rank coals of Tavan tolgoi and Nariin sukhait were higher than that of low-rank coals of Baganuur and Shivee-Ovoo coal. The dewatered tar products of pyrolysis were investigated for chemical composition analysis.
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