Physical exercise has shown positive effects on symptomatology and on the reduction of comorbidities in population with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is still no consensus about the most appropriate exercise intervention model for children with ASD. The physical exercise program for children with autism (PEP-Aut) protocol designed allow us to (i) examine the multivariate associations between ASD symptoms, metabolic profile, physical activity level, physical fitness, and health-related quality of life of children with ASD; (ii) assess the effects of a 40-week exercise program on all these aspects of children with ASD. The impact of the exercise program will be assessed based on the sequence of the two phases. Phase 1 is a 12-week cross-sectional study assessing the symptomatology, metabolic profile, physical fitness and physical activity levels, socioeconomic status profile, and health-related quality of life of participants. This phase is the baseline of the following phase. Phase 2 is a 48-week intervention study with a 40-week intervention with exercise that will take place in a specialized center for children with ASD in the city of Maceió-Alagoas, Brazil. The primary outcomes will be change in the symptomatic profile and the level of physical activity of children. Secondary outcomes will be anthropometric and metabolic profiles, aerobic function, grip strength, socioeconomic status, and health-related quality of life. The study will provide critical information on the efficacy of exercise for children with ASD and help guide design and delivery of future programs.
In this study we tested for differences in physical activity (PA), physical self-concept, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) between the least and most biologically mature adolescent females within their respective chronological and academic year groups. A total of 222 British female adolescents aged 10 to 14 years ( true X ¯ age = 12.7 years; SD = .8) completed a series of instruments assessing PA, physical self-concept, and HRQoL. Percentage of predicted adult stature was used as an index of biological maturation. A series of univariate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for chronological age, revealed that the most mature girls within the chronological and academic year groups generally reported lower levels of physical self-concept and, to a lesser extent, PA and HRQoL when compared to the least mature girls. The findings provide partial support toward the contention that maturity-associated variance in health-related outcomes is accentuated at the extreme ends of the biological maturity continuum.
The ADI is the most recent development in the nodular iron family. With the austempering treatment, a unique microstructure, consisting of acicular bainite ferrite and stable austenite rich in carbon, named ausferrite is produced. This microstructure provides high mechanical strength combined with ductility, toughness and good fatigue and wear resistances. In this work, the effect of alloying elements Cu, Ni and Mo on the mechanical properties and austemperability of the ADI were studied. To conduct these studies, cylindrical bars with diameters of Ø2", Ø3" and Ø4" were cast with Cu, Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mo alloying, respectively. The samples were then manufactured by removing specimens from the bar midradius position. Subsequently, each set of the samples was austenitized at 890˚C for 2 hours, and then subjected different conditions of austempering treatment. These treatments were developed by combining austempering temperatures of 300 and 360˚C with austempering times of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. Microstructural analysis was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy to correlate mechanical properties with the microstructure. In the austemperability analysis, cylindrical bars were austempered (at 360˚C for 3 hours) to correlate microstructure and radius. The experimental results showed that the austempering temperature exerts strong influence on the ADI´s microstructure and consequently on the mechanical properties. The austempering temperature of 300˚C produced the best results, a refined microstructure, with a greater amount of acicular ferrite, responsible for greater strength and wear resistance. The austempering temperature of 360˚C produced a coarse microstructure, with larger amount of austenite and responsible for better ductility and toughness. The austempering times used in this work did not produce significant variations in the properties and microstructures. Regarding alloying elements, the mechanical strength and toughness decreased with the addition of Mo, probably due to the segregation of this element, but the wear resistance and austemperability were more effective when compared with the alloys containing Cu and Cu-Ni. In the lubricated wear test, the ADI alloyed with Cu-Ni and austempered at 360˚C presented a wear resistance only a fraction lower than a cemented 17CrNiMo6 steel.
Introdução: A DA apresenta gradativamente diversos sinais e sintomas que causam grande comorbidade e necessidade de cuidados e tratamentos alternativos. O L-triptofano, com ação relacionada à dinâmica cerebral, depressão e ansiedade é precursor da serotonina, importante neurotransmissor cerebral, que pode ter sua ação potencializada pelo uso das Nanopartículas. O exercício físico por sua vez, também pode estar relacionado à alteração de monoaminas cerebrais como a serotonina, sendo mais uma alternativa de tratamento. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia do L-Triptofano e das Nanopartículas de L-Triptofano associadas ao efeito agudo do exercício físico em modelo experimental de Alzheimer. Materiais e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 20 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos (n=5) GLt (L-Triptofano), GN (Nanopartículas), GN+e (Nanopartículas+exercício) e GLt+e (L-Triptofano+exercício), foram realizados testes de ansiedade, memória espacial, memória aversiva, e comportamento motor. Resultados: De acordo com a análise estatística, houve melhora significativa em relação à ansiedade no GLt e no GN com maior força, já em relação ao comportamento motor apenas o GLt+e demonstrou efeitos positivos significativos como tratamento. Apenas por meio do Size Effect pode-se observar que o GLt apresentou diferença em relação ao comportamento motor, e o GN obteve diferença na memória aversiva e em diversas variáveis do comportamento motor, demonstrando melhor desempenho em relação ao GLt como método de tratamento. Porém, quando associado ao exercício físico o L-Triptofano apresentou mais valores com diferença entre as variáveis de comportamento motor do que quando associado às Nanopartículas. Todavia apenas na associação do exercício agudo às Nanopartículas houve melhora da ansiedade. Discussão: Outros tratamentos com fármacos também utilizados são as BZD, indicadas para situações agudas, por curtos períodos de tempo, porém ainda não apresenta eficácia satisfatória, assim como ainda não há um consenso em relação aos benefícios do exercício para a população portadora de DA, pois existem controvérsias em relação ao melhor tipo de exercício, intensidade e duração necessários para produzirem a redução dos sintomas depressivos. Sendo assim o L-Triptofano e as Nanopartículas surgem como uma alternativa de tratamento, necessitando de novos estudos com diferentes avaliações e duração de tratamento. Conclusão: Nanopartículas de L-Triptofano apresentam um grande potencial para ser utilizado como método de tratamento da DA, uma vez que diminuiu o sintoma de ansiedade e melhorou o comportamento motor dos animais.
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