Purpose:
To determine the magnitude and direction of association of anxiety and depression and the quality of life (QoL) in persons with glaucoma.
Methods:
This prospective cross-sectional study in conducted in a tertiary eye center in north Kerala included glaucoma patients and normal subjects aged 40–80 years. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Glaucoma Quality of Life (GQOL), and glaucoma evaluation were performed for all participants. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis.
Results:
The study included 148 subjects with glaucoma and 150 subjects without glaucoma. The prevalence of depression (35.81%) and anxiety (25.0%) was significantly higher in glaucoma patients. In a multivariate regression model, PHQ-9 (adjusted OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.31–4.38, P < 0.001), GAD-7 (adjusted OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.01–4.19, P = 0.01) and GQOL (coefficient: 6.92, 95% CI: 4.52–9.31, P = < 0.001) was significantly associated with glaucoma. The GAD-7 score was significantly higher (P = 0.02) in PACG compared to POAG in moderate and severe anxiety. ADL scores (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.001) and GQOL scores (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with vision impairment and blindness.
Conclusion:
Depression and anxiety are common in glaucoma patients, indicating the need for screening protocols using PHQ and GAD scales to identify persons at risk. The lack of ophthalmic risk factors associated with depression and anxiety emphasizes the importance of psychological evaluation and combined management with a psychiatrist in glaucoma management.
BACKGROUND E-learning is a system of learning where the content is delivered electronically. E-learning involves using computers or IT for delivery of at least some part of the content. The objectives of the study were-1. To assess the difference in knowledge of medical students after conventional bed side teaching vs e learning method of ophthalmic case demonstration. 2. To assess the differences in perception of medical students about two teaching methodologies.
BACKGROUND LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) can be used for treatment of lid, adnexa, conjunctiva & ocular pathologies like I & D of hordeolum internum/ externum/small lid abscess, conjunctival papillae/cyst, cauterization of blood vessels of primary pterygium/corneal pathology/graft failure, wart (filiform), molluscum, skin tag, colloid milium, syringoma, melanocytic nevus, capillary haemangioma etc. We wanted to study the use of Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of ocular pathologies and its outcome. METHODS This is a retrospective study. Case records of 970 patients treated with slit-lamp mounted 532 nm frequency doubled Nd:YAG LASER under local/surface anaesthesia were studied. They were followed up at an interval of 1-week post laser, 1 month and after 6 months. RESULTS Age varied from 14-to 72-yrs (average 38 yrs.). Females were 62% and males were 38%. Out of 970 eyes, 96 eyes with no proper follow-up were excluded from analysis. The case distribution was: pterygium 22%, wart 18%, molluscum 16%, papillae/cyst 8%, others 36%. Patients' tolerance to the procedure was good & no serious complications occurred. CONCLUSION Nd:YAG laser can be used as a safe alternative for surgeries as laser surgical knife. Using slit lamp delivery system and high magnification lens, aids in precise and accurate treatment with minimal complications. It can be performed as a day care procedure. Numerous studies have been conducted on its usefulness in skin lesions, but its effectiveness in treating lesions over eyelids has not been studied very widely, thereby making this study unique.
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