Pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of frass (insect feces) from Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) as soil amendments at different application rates in comparation with other organic fertilizers on Pakchoi (Brassica rapa L). The experimental design was completely random with seven treatments, namely compost, compost+LOB (liquid organic biofertilizer), 5%, 10%, and 15% BSF frass, chemical fertilizer (NPK, equivalent to 10 kg/ha), and soil as a control. After 35 days planting, the result showed that Pakchoi cultivated with compost+LOB, compost, and BSF frass produced the highest biomass compared to control and NPK treatment significantly. The highest total plant weight was achieved in the treatment of Compost+LOB (24.4 gr), followed by 10% BSF frass (23.3 gr), compost (21.8 gr), 15% BSF frass (20.7 gr), 5% BSF frass (19,8 gr), NPK (1.3 gr ) and control soil (0.9 gr). While the chlorophyll content was not significantly different between all treatments, the application of BSF frass tended to be higher but with curly leaf symptoms than other treatments. The population of P solubilizing bacteria and the activity of PME-ase enzyme in soil were also higher in the treatment of compost, compost+LOB, and BSF frass compared to control and NPK treatment.
The epigeal predatory arthropods in aubergine fields at South Sumatra (Indonesia) with regard to the plant cover and the use of insecticides Vorkommen der epigäischen Raubarthropoden in Auberginenfeldern Süd-Sumatras (Indonesien) unter Berücksichtigung der Pflanzenbedeckung und der Anwendung von Insektiziden Summary For the first time, the predatory arthropods of aubergine fields in South Sumatra, Indonesia, were studied by pitfall trapping and by square flooding in two four-week periods; first, early after transplanting, and second, during harvest. Plant cover and insecticide use were very low in the first (I) and high in the second period (II). In 20 pitfall traps were caught (I) 3,794, and (II) 2,875 specimens of predatory arthropods. The high number in period I was mainly due to Pheidole sp. The frequency of two predator groups decreased significantly from period I to period II, and further six groups showed the same tendency of decrease. But the frequency of 12 other predator groups increased from period I to II. Concerning the ants Pheidole sp. and Tapinoma sp., square samples revealed that apparently the temperature on bare soil stimulated a high activity and also a high abundance. Both species were not negatively affected by the insecticide sprays. In all, the effects of the seven weekly insecticide sprays on the epigeal predators proved to be low, presumably mainly due to the plant cover. The average predator numbers per m² were 18.1 (with 5.8 mg/m²) (period I), and 70 (with 13.7 mg/m²) (period II). Over both periods, spiders were represented in traps/squares with 23.2/25.9 % of all predators, ants with 59.3/46.1 % and gryllids with 10.5/15.3 %. All other predator groups shared less than 10 %. Ants (Formicidae) were represented with 17 genera, spiders (Araneae) with ten families. The results are discussed concerning the low effect of the insecticides on the epigeal predators, and the effects of plant cover of soil.Zum ersten Mal wurden die räuberischen Arthropoden auf Auberginenfeldern in Süd-Sumatra mit Bodenfallen und einer Quadratmethode in zwei Perioden von je vier Wochen untersucht: erstens früh nach der Pflanzung (I) und zweitens während der Ernte (II). Die Pflanzenbedeckung des Bodens und der Einsatz von Insektiziden war in Periode I sehr gering, in Periode II aber sehr hoch. In 20 Bodenfallen wurden gefangen (I) 3794 und (II) 2875 Individuen räuberischer Arthropoden. Die hohe Zahl in Periode I war vorwiegend durch Pheidole sp. verursacht. Die Häufigkeit von zwei Räubergruppen 574 Basedow/Waruwu/Arinafril 6/05 PflKrankh. nahm von Periode I nach II signifikant ab. Sechs weitere Gruppen zeigten die gleiche Tendenz, aber die Häufigkeit von weiteren 12 Gruppen nahm von Periode I nach II zu. Bei den Ameisen Pheidole sp. und Tapinoma sp. zeigte die Quadratmethode, dass offensichtlich die hohe Temperatur des kahlen (schwarzen) Bodens eine hohe Aktivität induzierte, die eine hohe Dichte simulierte. Beide Arten wurden nicht negativ durch die Insektizide beeinflusst. Im ganzen zeigten die sieben wöchentlich...
Aims: Industrial wastewater can be processed by physical, chemical and biological treatment. Most biological treatment have no negative impact on environment and can minimize more cost. The aim of this study was to reduce ammonia in urea fertilizer industrial wastewater by Bacillus bacterial consortium. This strategy tried to develop biological processing of ammonia in wastewater with nitrification process. Methodology and results: Bacterial consortium consisted of three isolates: isolate W1.6 identified as Bacillus sp. A16ZZ, isolate W2.5 identified as Bacillus sp. BNPK-13, and isolate S2.6 identified as B. cereus strain CP1. Consortium culture was made based on shortest generation time on each isolate in order to be in exponential phase when it was used. Bacterial consortium was able to decrease ammonia concentration in wastewater seven days after incubation. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Consortium of heterotrophic nitrification works optimally with concentration of 350 mg/L ammonia and decrease 96.28%. This consortium has potency to be developed as alternative biological agent in reducing ammonia compounds in high-concentrated urea fertilizer industrial wastewater.
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