a b s t r a c tGiven the high share of fisheries and aquaculture production entering international trade the analysis of seafood trade is of key importance for any policy measure in the aquaculture and fisheries sectors. In this study a gravity model is developed to explore the influence on seafood trade of primary production, food consumption, population, income, GDP, trade agreements and geographical distance. The model is applied to the entire seafood aggregate, in comparison with meat, over time, and at different levels of aggregation of commodities: by main commercial species, processing and preservation stage and aquaculture versus fisheries origin. From the methodological perspective the model formulation addresses two main issues in gravity models which are the incorporation of a multilateral resistance term and the treatment of zero trade flows. The results of the model indicate the peculiarities of seafood trade in respect of meat and, within the seafood aggregate, the extreme diversification of trade determinants linked to the commercial characteristics of the products. Seafood trade is attracted either by countries with well-established seafood preferences or by countries with low labour costs for further processing, while meat exports are favoured by high per capita income and high primary production of the exporting country. Seafood trade is expanding under the influence of two key forces: one is the growth of aquaculture production and the other is the trade for re-processing. These two phenomena are clearly emerging from the differences in the model coefficients when considering disaggregated seafood trade.
An Impact Assessment (IA) is a process aimed at structuring and supporting the development of policies. Besides the fact that IA assumes different features when applied to different sectors, really it should help policy makers in evaluating the contribution to the fisheries sustainability of new regulations. The recent improvements and development around the IA methodologies go more and more toward the concept of a Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA). The evolution of IA in the fishery sector has followed the general and increasing need in having a more and more integrated type of analysis, focusing on the three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic and social). This paper synthesizes the methodology developed under the EU FP7 SOCIOEC project,1 whose main objective was the application of the most recent EU guidelines on IA to the current (and future) EU fishery management. The result is an integrated approach taking into account the main pillars of sustainability and a strong stakeholders' involvement. A clear step-by-step procedure based on both qualitative and quantitative type of analyses has been defined, the last step being the "rating" phase, an essential step in a SIA, that provides the Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site. possibility to assess the results of different policy options (allowing policy makers to select the most appropriate one) in terms of acceptability, effectiveness, coherence and efficiency. The overall methodology has been tested on different EU regions, fisheries and management measures.
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