Veterinary antibiotics have widely been used for promoting animal health, especially in the last few decades. As a result of application of manure on agricultural lands, leaching of antibiotics from manure to soil and antibiotic transport via runoff may cause both soil and water quality degradation. Moreover, an increased antibiotic concentration in soil stimulates the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment. The aim of this study was to develop environmental risk maps for the Marmara Region by taking into account the antibiotic transport from the pasture lands. By using geographical information systems, the region was divided into manageable modelling units according to different topographical and hydrodynamic characteristics. A storm water management model was applied for runoff prediction. The transport of previously analyzed antibiotics in the region was determined by using an exposure model developed by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands. The environmental risk of antibiotics was mapped by undertaking a multi‐criteria decision analysis approach for all pasture lands. The risk maps showed that the potential risk of antibiotic transport from pasture lands is moderate across the Marmara Region, however, a high level of risk prevailed in some areas, particularly in Balıkesir.
ÖzetÖzellikle tarım ve hayvancılık kaynaklı yayılı kirleticilerin su havzalarındaki davranışlarını tahmin etmeye yönelik modelleme çalışmaları, son yıllarda gittikçe artarak dikkati çekmektedir. Çoğu zaman sadece önlem amaçlı kullanılan antibiyotikler, hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde en yaygın olarak tercih edilen ilaç türlerinden biridir. Antibiyotiklerin kayda değer fraksiyonları hayvan atığında ortaya çıktığı için; tarımsal arazilere hayvan atıklarının gübre olarak uygulanmasını takiben, antibiyotikler gübreden toprağa geçerek toprak kalitesini, aynı zamanda yüzeysel akışla yüzey sularına taşınarak su kalitesini olumsuz etkileyebilmektedirler. Bu durum su temininde önemli rol oynayan havzaların planlanması ve yönetimi için modelleme çalışmalarının geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS), mekansal verileri elde etmede sağladığı kolaylık ve çok sayıda farklı türdeki veriyi haritalandırma özelliği ile havza modelleme çalışmalarında başvurulan önemli araçlardan bir tanesi olmuştur. Besi maddelerinin taşınımı ve su kalitesi üzerine etkilerini inceleyen CBS tabanlı modelleme yaklaşımları literatürde bulunmaktadır; ancak benzer çalışmalar ağır metaller ve antibiyotikler için sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı literatürde yer alan, başta antibiyotikler olmak üzere ağır metal ve besi maddeleri gibi önem arz eden kirleticilerin su ortamlarında ve havzalarındaki taşınımındaki modelleme yaklaşımlarını özetlemek ve değerlendirmektir. AbstractModelling studies predicting the fate and transport of non-point-source pollutants, especially from agricultural and pasture lands, have gained increasing attention during the recent years. Veterinary antibiotics are one of the most widely preferred drugs for animal husbandry. Since a considerable fraction of antibiotics is excreted in animal waste; following to application of animal waste as manure on agricultural lands, antibiotics can affect both soil and water quality by leaching from manure to soil, and by being transported to surface waters via runoff, respectively. This necessitates the development of modeling approaches for planning and management of catchments that play a significant role on water supply. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has become an important methodological tool in catchment modeling, with the facilities to obtain spatial data, and advanced visualization of numerous data types as different map layers. GIS-based modeling approaches concerned with nutrient transport and water quality are encountered in literature; however, similar studies are scarce for heavy metals and antibiotics. The aim of this study is to provide a summary and evaluation of the existing modelling approaches from the literature that are used for modelling the fate and transport of emerging pollutants, particularly antibiotics, heavy metals and nutrients, in watersheds.
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